What are cancer vaccines?
什么是癌症疫苗
Cancer vaccines are a form of immunotherapy. Unlike vaccines that protect from an infection, such as the Covid-19 jab, cancer vaccines treat people who already have the disease.
癌症疫苗是一种免疫疗法。与预防感染的疫苗（如新冠疫苗）不同，癌症疫苗用于治疗已经患病的人。
They are designed to help the patient's immune system recognise and then kill cancer cells – and prevent them from coming back.
癌症疫苗旨在帮助患者的免疫系统识别和杀死癌细胞，并防止它们复发。
The jabs are custom built for each person, typically in just a few weeks. To make them, a sample of a patient's tumour is removed during surgery, followed by DNA sequencing and in some cases the use of artificial intelligence. The result is a personalised anti-cancer jab specific to that patient's tumour.
这种疫苗是专门为每个人量身定制的，通常在几周内完成。制造疫苗时，会在手术中取出患者的肿瘤样本，然后进行DNA测序，有时还需要使用人工智能。最终，这将形成一个针对该患者肿瘤的个性化抗癌疫苗。
The cancer vaccines work by sending an instruction or blueprint to the patient's cells to produce an antigen or protein that can distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. The jabs stimulate the immune system to act.
癌症疫苗的工作原理是向患者的细胞发送指令，以产生抗原或蛋白质，这些抗原或蛋白质能够区分癌细胞和正常细胞。这些疫苗刺激免疫系统采取行动。
The immune system makes antibodies that can recognise and attack the harmless versions of the disease. Once the patient's body has made these antibodies it can recognise the disease if returns.
免疫系统产生抗体，这些抗体能够识别和攻击癌细胞。一旦患者的身体产生了这些抗体，如果癌症复发，它就能识别并应对。
Scientists are studying many different types of cancer vaccines and how they might work in different forms of cancer. More research is needed to get a full picture of how well the vaccines work and which cancers they could treat.
科学家们正在研究许多不同类型的癌症疫苗以及它们在不同形式的癌症中可能如何工作。需要更多的研究来全面了解这些疫苗的效果以及它们可以治疗的癌症类型。
Experts believe they could be effective in a range of cancers, including but not limited to colorectal, lung, bladder, pancreatic and kidney.
专家认为，它们可能在多种癌症中有效，包括但不限于结直肠癌、肺癌、膀胱癌、胰腺癌和肾癌。
苏格拉底有一句名言：我知我无知。说的是，当你认识到的东西越多就越发现自己无知。苏格拉底认为，人对于客观世界的认识是有限的，且不可能完全认识客观世界，并且不应对客观世界刨根究底。神对于世界的规划自有安排，若人一意孤行地探索世界和自然的奥秘，则最终将亵渎甚至触怒神明。正因为人对神所构建的世界不可能实现完全认知，因此那些宣称自己能够认识和改造世界的人，本身便是无知的代言。尽管苏格拉底的关于“ 我知我无知”的观念的解读，在现在看来有失客观科学。但至少苏格拉底告诫人们，人的认知是有限的，现有的知识甚至可能存在错误和疏漏。因此，无论任何时代，我们都必须对自己的无知加以认识并通过不懈的开拓，去更新甚至颠覆固有的知识结构。我们在求学之路上也要报以我知我不知的心态，才能走得更远、终有所成。最后，祝愿每一位考研学子都能顺利上岸！
