为你的研究论文撰写摘要(以英文期刊论文为例)

文摘   2025-01-11 11:24   马来西亚  

如何撰写论文摘要


以下是大多数摘要中常见的信息类型:

研究背景或背景信息;研究的一般主题;研究的具体主题

你的研究解决的核心问题或问题陈述

关于这个问题我们已经知道了什么,之前的研究做了什么或展示了什么

主要原因、紧迫性、基本原理、研究目标——为什么回答这些问题很重要?例如,您是否正在研究一个新课题?为什么这个课题值得研究?您是否正在填补以前研究的空白?是否正在应用新方法重新审视现有的想法或数据?是否正在解决您所在领域文献中的争议?……

您的研究和/或分析方法

你的主要发现、结果或论点

您的发现或论点的意义或含义。



摘要中的动词时态选择


以下社会科学样本(样本 1)使用现在时态来描述过去和现在都是真实的一般事实和解释,包括对所研究社会现象的普遍解释。该摘要还使用现在时态来描述他们新研究的方法、发现、论点和发现的含义。作者使用过去时态来描述以前的研究。

Gonalons-Pons, Pilar, and Christine R. Schwartz. “Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage?” Demography, vol. 54, no. 3, 2017, pp. 985-1005.


下面的人文学科样本(样本 2)使用过去时来描述过去已经完成的事件(20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代低俗小说行业创作的文本),并使用现在时来描述这些文本中正在发生的事情,解释这些文本的重要性或含义,并描述文章中提出的论点。

Emily Callaci. “Street Textuality: Socialism, Masculinity, and Urban Belonging in Tanzania’s Pulp Fiction Publishing Industry, 1975-1985.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 59, no. 1, 2017, pp. 183-210.



下面的科学样本(样本 3 和 4)使用过去时态来描述先前的研究成果以及作者进行的研究、他们所采用的方法以及他们所发现的内容。在他们研究的理由或理由(还有待完成的工作)中,他们使用现在时态。他们还使用现在时态来介绍他们的研究(在样本 3 中,“我们在此报告……”)并解释他们研究的意义(在样本 3 中,“这种重新编程……”“为……”提供了可扩展的细胞来源。”)。

Lalit, Pratik A., Max R. Salick, Daryl O. Nelson, Jayne M. Squirrell, Christina M. Shafer, Neel G. Patel, Imaan Saeed, Eric G. Schmuck, Yogananda S. Markandeya, Rachel Wong, Martin R. Lea, Kevin W. Eliceiri, Timothy A. Hacker, Wendy C. Crone, Michael Kyba, Daniel J. Garry, Ron Stewart, James A. Thomson, Karen M. Downs, Gary E. Lyons, and Timothy J. Kamp. “Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors.” Cell Stem Cell, vol. 18, 2016, pp. 354-367.


Note: This journal calls this paragraph at the beginning of the article a “Summary,” rather than an “Abstract.” This journal provides multiple ways for readers to grasp the content of this research article quickly. In addition to this paragraph-length prose summary, this article also has an effective graphical abstract, a bulleted list of highlights list at the beginning of the article, and a two-sentence “In Brief” summary.


摘要示例 4,结构化摘要

Wald, Ellen R., David Nash, and Jens Eickhoff. “Effectiveness of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children.” Pediatrics, vol. 124, no. 1, 2009, pp. 9-15.

本期刊要求作者将摘要分为四个特定部分,并严格限制字数。由于此结构化摘要的标题不言自明,因此我们选择不在此示例摘要中添加注释。


Abstract

“OBJECTIVE: The role of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in children is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-dose amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in the treatment of children diagnosed with ABS.

METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. Patients were stratified according to age (<6 or ≥6 years) and clinical severity and randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin (90 mg/kg) with potassium clavulanate (6.4 mg/kg) or placebo. A symptom survey was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30. Patients were examined on day 14. Children’s conditions were rated as cured, improved, or failed according to scoring rules.

RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five children with respiratory complaints were screened for enrollment; 139 (6.5%) had ABS. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned. The mean age was 6630 months. Fifty (89%) patients presented with persistent symptoms, and 6 (11%) presented with nonpersistent symptoms. In 24 (43%) children, the illness was classified as mild, whereas in the remaining 32 (57%) children it was severe. Of the 28 children who received the antibiotic, 14 (50%) were cured, 4 (14%) were improved, 4(14%) experienced treatment failure, and 6 (21%) withdrew. Of the 28children who received placebo, 4 (14%) were cured, 5 (18%) improved, and 19 (68%) experienced treatment failure. Children receiving the antibiotic were more likely to be cured (50% vs 14%) and less likely to have treatment failure (14% vs 68%) than children receiving the placebo.

CONCLUSIONS: ABS is a common complication of viral upper respiratory infections. Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate results in significantly more cures and fewer failures than placebo, according to parental report of time to resolution.” (9)





https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/writing-an-abstract-for-your-research-paper/ 参考网站


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