本文刊登于《中国实用妇科与产科杂志》2024,40(10):1003-1012
DOI:10.19538/j.fk2024100110
【引用本文】中国抗癌协会宫颈癌专业委员会,中国医师协会妇产科医师分会.妊娠合并子宫颈癌诊治指南(2024年版)[J].中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2024,40(10):1003-1012.
作者:中国抗癌协会宫颈癌专业委员会,中国医师协会妇产科医师分会
基金项目:广东省基础与应用基础研究基金自然科学基金(2024A1515013255);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金自然科学基金(2022A1515012432);中国抗癌协会-恒瑞PARP抑制剂肿瘤研究基金(CETSDHRCORP252-4-015);北京市希思科临床肿瘤学研究基金会(Y-Young2022--0145)
通信作者:卢淮武,中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院,广东 广州510120,电子信箱:luhuaiwu@mail.sysu.edu.cn;狄文,上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院,上海200127,电子信箱:diwen163@163.com;林仲秋,中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院,广东 广州510120,电子信箱:lin-zhongqiu@163.com
主审专家:郎景和(中国医学科学院北京协和医院);魏丽惠(北京大学人民医院)
专家委员会:林仲秋(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院);狄文(上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院);周琦(重庆大学附属肿瘤医院);盛修贵(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院);王丹波(辽宁省肿瘤医院);李斌(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院);刘开江(上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院);田小飞(陕西省肿瘤医院);朱滔(浙江省肿瘤医院);向阳(中国医学科学院北京协和医院);张国楠(电子科技大学附属肿瘤医院/四川省肿瘤医院)
主编:卢淮武(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院);殷霞(上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院);周颖(中国科学技术大学附属第一医院)
副主编:谢玲玲(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院);杨卓(辽宁省肿瘤医院);赵丹(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院)
参与指南制定和讨论专家(按姓氏汉语拼音顺序):陈刚(华中科技大学附属同济医学院同济医院);陈亮(山东第一医科大学附属肿瘤医院);陈小军(复旦大学附属肿瘤医院);高庆蕾(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院);华克勤(复旦大学附属妇产科医院);纪妹(郑州大学第一附属医院);孔北华(山东大学齐鲁医院);陆安伟(南方医科大学深圳医院);李虎(番禺区中心医院);李俊东(中山大学肿瘤防治中心);李宁(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院);李仲均(南方医科大学第十附属医院);梁志清(陆军军医大学第一附属医院);刘畅(兰州大学第一医院);刘军秀(中山大学附属第一医院);刘淑娟(空军军医大学西京医院);刘颖琳(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院);娄阁(哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院);漆洪波(重庆医科大学附属第一医院);孙丽(青岛大学附属青岛中心医院);沈杨(东南大学附属中大医院);申复进(武汉大学人民医院);宋坤(山东大学齐鲁医院);谭剑平(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院);汪辉(浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院);王登凤(电子科技大学附属肿瘤医院/四川省肿瘤医院);王建六(北京大学人民医院);王延洲(陆军军医大学第一附属医院);王玉东(上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院);王育(同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院);温灏(复旦大学附属肿瘤医院);文斌(广东省妇幼保健院);吴小华(复旦大学附属肿瘤医院);谢秋娴(潮州市中心医院);薛凤霞(天津医科大学总医院);杨慧霞(北京大学第一医院);杨建华(浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院);杨立(郑州大学附属第三医院);姚书忠(中山大学附属第一医院);余志英(深圳大学附属第一医院);张潍(空军军医大学西京医院);赵冰冰(广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院);赵喜娃(河北医科大学第四医院);周圣涛(四川大学华西第二医院);朱洪磊(南方医科大学珠江医院);邹冬玲(重庆大学附属肿瘤医院);张颐(中国医科大学附属第一医院);郑敏(中山大学肿瘤防治中心)
3.1 妇科检查 一项回顾性分析提示,阴道不规则流血为妊娠合并子宫颈癌患者的首发症状,占90.7%,应重视妊娠期阴道异常流血[11]。其他症状包括异常阴道排液。妇科检查可以明确阴道流血或排液的来源,观察子宫颈有无赘生物和糜烂面。有明显赘生物者直接进行活检或者摘除;无明显赘生物者,可以根据患者既往的子宫颈筛查结果,决定是否进行进一步检查。
3.2 细胞学筛查 妊娠期进行子宫颈细胞学检查并不增加流产、早产等不良事件的发生[12]。妊娠合并子宫颈癌与未进行常规子宫颈癌筛查有关。研究显示,92.3%妊娠合并子宫颈癌患者5年内未进行过子宫颈癌筛查,仅26.9%患者于妊娠期行子宫颈癌筛查[11,13]。妊娠期特有的蜕膜细胞,也即Arias-Stella反应,表现为超空泡状的细胞,染色质深染而细胞核大,常被误认为是非典型细胞而造成假阳性[14-16]。在子宫颈细胞学申请单上注明患者妊娠状态可以显著降低假阳性率。总体而言,妊娠本身并不影响子宫颈细胞学筛查的准确率[17]。因此,子宫颈细胞学筛查推荐用于有异常阴道流血、妇科检查未发现明显赘生物、近3年内没有进行子宫颈癌筛查以及既往有子宫颈病变史、免疫缺陷患者、有己烯雌酚暴露史的妊娠期女性。
3.3 人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测 HPV检测主要用于分流细胞学检查结果为无明确诊断意义的非典型鳞状细胞(ASC-US)的患者。如细胞学筛查与高危型HPV均为阳性,可考虑进一步行阴道镜检查。如细胞学阴性,高危型HPV阳性,仅有4%的患者可能会出现子宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)2级及以上病变[18],可在分娩后重复双筛[19-20]。我国一项最新的临床研究结果显示,HPV检测,无论是单独或联合细胞学检测,都是一种有效的孕期子宫颈癌筛查手段,有利于提高子宫颈癌筛查的敏感度[21]。
3.4 阴道镜检查+活检 细胞学筛查结果>ASC-US者[包括低级别鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)、不能排除高级别鳞状上皮内病变的不典型鳞状细胞(ASC-H)、高级别鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)、不典型腺细胞-子宫颈原位腺癌(AGC-AIS)],推荐进行阴道镜检查。妊娠期子宫颈转化区外翻有助于阴道镜下更好地观察。但是妊娠期患者的生理变化(例如血管化增加、间质水肿、腺细胞增生等)会造成单纯阴道镜诊断困难,高估病变严重程度[22]。一项回顾性研究纳入了612例妊娠期细胞学异常者,其中449例接受了阴道镜活检,95%病理低于肉眼判断[23]。我国一项包含6649例妊娠期子宫颈癌筛查的研究中,子宫颈细胞学检出异常者占2.32%,其中114例孕妇同意行进一步阴道镜检查,约57.9%的患者检查结果异常,活检后采用压迫止血,未发生异常出血事件,未发生流产、胎膜早破、早产等并发症[24]。来自德国的一项回顾性临床研究纳入了655例妊娠期细胞学异常的患者,经评估,阴道镜检查的准确率高达89.2%,明显高于既往研究结论,研究者分析可能与负责阴道镜检查医师的经验有关[25]。由此可见,有检查指征时,妊娠期由经验丰富的人员进行阴道镜检查并活检是必要且安全的。但必须注意的是,虽然有小样本回顾性研究提示妊娠期进行子宫颈管搔刮并不导致早产或低出生体重,但是鉴于缺乏大样本高质量研究结果,不推荐妊娠期进行子宫颈管搔刮。
3.5 诊断性子宫颈锥切术 妊娠期间,原则上不推荐进行诊断性子宫颈锥切术。如果阴道镜活检病理不能排除浸润性癌变,或细胞学高度异常但阴道镜检查不满意,可行诊断性子宫颈锥切术[26-28]。子宫颈锥切术推荐在妊娠中期进行,以孕14~20周为宜。孕早期锥切的流产率高达33%,应尽量避免实施锥切。孕24周后,锥切术应延迟至胎儿成熟、结束分娩后再进行。采用子宫颈环形电切术(LEEP)“扁平锥”(高度短、底部宽)锥切较为安全,应避免进行子宫颈管搔刮,以免引起严重出血、早期羊膜囊破裂、宫内感染、流产、早产和围产儿死亡等[28]。诊断性子宫颈锥切术对于诊断镜下浸润癌与判断有无脉管累及具有重要意义。
妊娠合并子宫颈癌涉及到多学科管理,确诊后需组织多学科会诊,包括妇科肿瘤、产科、影像、放疗、化疗、病理科等共同参与,需进行子宫颈癌分期,确定妊娠周数,评估母体和胎儿发育情况等,采取个体化处理方案。在多学科会诊之前,需要完善相关检查为多学科团队诊疗(multi-disciplinary team treatment,MDT)提供评估材料。
5.1 妇科检查 妊娠期尤其是妊娠中晚期子宫增大导致子宫颈不易暴露,行妇科检查时需轻柔,切忌粗暴操作而导致子宫颈出血或引起不良产科事件。妇科检查主要评估子宫颈病灶的位置、大小,阴道有无累及,宫旁组织有无累及,确定肿瘤的临床分期。中晚期妊娠由于子宫增大影响宫旁触诊,需借助影像学进行分期。
5.2 血液检查 在常规产检的基础上,需要加入肿瘤标志物[鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCCA)、糖类抗原125(CA125)、糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)、癌胚抗原(CEA)]的定期检测。如果采用新辅助化疗,治疗期间需要每周检测2次血常规,每周检测1次肝肾功能评估药物毒副反应。
5.3 胎儿超声检查 对于继续妊娠的患者,根据孕周大小进行相应的产科超声检查。接受新辅助化疗的患者,需密切观察,每2周进行1次产科彩色多普勒超声检查,预估胎儿体重、羊水量、生物物理评分及大脑中动脉血流指数监测等,了解胎儿宫内情况,如发现胎儿生长受限、胎儿窘迫等应及时干预。
5.4 胸部X线 传统观念认为妊娠期孕妇不应暴露于放射线。但随着检查仪器的精准化,在穿戴腹部铅衣的情况下进行胸部X射线检查时,腹部放射量仅约0.0004 mGy。对于胎儿来说,低于100 mGy的剂量致畸或致癌风险<1%,妊娠期妇女在有保护措施下进行胸部X线检查是安全的。对于浸润癌患者,在妊娠12周后可行胸部X线检查(屏蔽腹部),以评估有无肺转移病灶[34-36]。
5.5 磁共振成像(MRI) 目前认为MRI对胎儿基本无害[37]。MRI能清晰分辨肿物与周围组织之间的关系,肿物的大小、位置、浸润的深度、肿物距离子宫颈内口的距离,宫旁、卵巢是否受累以及腹膜后淋巴结状态,明确分期,对于继续妊娠患者可每4~8周行MRI平扫评估肿瘤浸润情况。但妊娠期不建议做增强MRI。
5.6 PET-MRI 在非妊娠期子宫颈癌患者中,PET-MRI淋巴结的诊断准确率(94.90%)远高于MRI(75.51%)[38-39]。有研究对7例妊娠合并子宫颈癌的患者行PET-MRI,分娩后随访新生儿均未见相关不良结局[40]。目前我国PET-MRI设备数目较少,尚难以推广。
5.7 CT及PET-CT 因有放射线危害胎儿的潜在风险,不推荐作为评估盆腹腔手段[41]。在屏蔽腹部前提下,孕期行胸部CT扫描时,胎儿接收的射线暴露量约为0.143 mGy,远低于可接受的安全累积剂量。如病情需要可采用低剂量肺CT评估肺部有无转移[42-44]。
6.1 无继续妊娠意愿的处理 无继续妊娠意愿的各期别妊娠合并子宫颈癌患者,均可参照非妊娠期子宫颈癌处理。如需进行保留生育功能手术,建议先终止妊娠后再择期行保留生育功能手术。妊娠≥28周胎儿分娩后属于早产儿,无论任何期别,建议剖宫产后根据不同分期进行治疗。对于ⅠA2~ⅡA2期子宫颈癌患者推荐选择广泛性子宫切除术,可以根据孕周选择不同方案。2017年由美国母胎医学会(SMFM)联合国家儿童健康与人类发展研究所(NICHD)等机构参与的研讨会定义围成活期分娩指妊娠20~25+6周,其中妊娠23~23+6周出生的新生儿出院时的生存率为23%~27%,妊娠24~24+6周出生的新生儿为42%~59%,妊娠25~25+6周出生的新生儿为67%~76%[45]。妊娠≥25周的胎儿是有生机儿,需与患者及家属充分沟通是否积极抢救等相关问题。因此,建议妊娠<25者可直接行连同胎儿的广泛性子宫切除术和盆腔淋巴结切除术,妊娠≥25周者剖宫取胎后立即行广泛性子宫切除术和盆腔淋巴结切除术[22],术后再根据病理进行辅助治疗。子宫颈癌分期≥ⅡB期患者,建议选择同期放化疗。早期妊娠可以直接放疗,放疗开始后约30 d胚胎会自然流产[46-47]。放疗后胚胎不能排出体外者,可用米索前列醇促进其排出,需预防胚胎死亡后在体内时间过长导致感染诱发弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)[48]。子宫颈癌分期≥ⅡB期的妊娠中期患者,可直接同期放化疗,也有专家建议先剖宫取胎后再进行同期放化疗[46,49],主要为了避免产科相关并发症,包括出血、子宫颈裂伤、DIC以及对患者的心理影响。
6.2 有继续妊娠意愿者的处理 妊娠合并子宫颈癌患者继续妊娠需在不影响患者预后并符合继续妊娠指征的前提下进行。妊娠晚期(≥28周)确诊的子宫颈癌由于胎儿已经成熟,存活率高,评估胎儿成熟度与疾病分期情况后,可以立即剖宫产分娩后接受治疗,或新辅助化疗延长孕周待胎儿发育成熟后再处理。妊娠早、中期确诊子宫颈癌(<28孕周)是否继续妊娠需考虑肿瘤分期、孕周及胎儿发育情况等。
6.2.1 ⅠA1期LVSI阴性 任何孕周诊断均可以考虑延迟至产后再处理,妊娠20周前可考虑行子宫颈锥切术[50]。子宫颈腺癌建议按ⅠB1期处理[8,51]。
6.2.2 ⅠA1期LVSI阳性、ⅠA2~ⅠB2期 有文献报道,在妊娠早、中期行广泛性子宫颈切除术+盆腔淋巴结切除术成功的病例,但是孕期手术风险大,操作难度高,术后可能会导致流产、感染等并发症,因此不推荐在妊娠期行广泛性子宫颈切除术[52-55]。近年来,有研究提示早期低危子宫颈癌患者接受保守性手术,预后并不受影响。ConCerv研究纳入100例早期宫颈癌患者,入选标准为:(1)FIGO 2009分期ⅠA2~ⅠB1期。(2)鳞状细胞癌(任何级别)或腺癌(仅1级或2级)组织学类型。(3)肿瘤直径<2 cm。(4)无LVSI。(5)浸润深度<10 mm。(6)影像学检查排除转移。(7)锥切切缘阴性。该研究纳入保留生育功能队列44例,行子宫颈锥切和淋巴结评估,复发率为2.4%[56]。但是妊娠期能否借鉴该处理方法,目前并没有前瞻性的数据。2022年发表的一项多中心回顾性观察性临床研究纳入了163例于孕22周前确诊的子宫颈癌患者,101例患者分期为ⅠA1~ⅠB1期,其中有63例行子宫颈锥切术,15例行子宫颈切除术,子宫颈锥切和子宫颈切除后即时流产仅3例,流产率为3.84%。10例行新辅助化疗,13例仅行密切随访,研究重点分析了ⅠB1期患者的妊娠结局,早产率分别为子宫颈锥切术组84.6%(22/26例)、子宫颈切除术组64.3%(9/14例)、新辅助化疗组100%(10/10例)、密切随访组为88.9%(8/9例),4组间的肿瘤无进展生存率及总生存率均无明显差异[57],提示非孕期早期低危子宫颈癌患者中孕期行锥切或简单子宫颈切除术的可行性,妊娠期子宫颈癌行子宫颈锥切术或子宫颈切除术值得进一步研究。
6.2.3 ⅠB3~ⅣB期 孕20周前不推荐继续妊娠,应立即治疗;对于妊娠20~28周确诊子宫颈癌的患者,若有强烈继续妊娠意愿,需充分考虑患者年龄、疾病分期、妊娠周数及胎儿发育情况等进行评估,晚期病例治疗效果差,患者及家属进行充分知情同意基础上,可以考虑新辅助化疗延长孕周。对于晚期妊娠(≥28周)合并子宫颈癌患者,原则上进行新辅助化疗尽量延长孕周,提高新生儿生存率[64]。
参考文献
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