鸡蛋富含多种营养物质，其中，蛋白质有助于构建细胞、肌肉和组织；维生素能促进骨骼健康和提高免疫功能；矿物质可预防贫血和促进细胞生长[1]。此外，摄入鸡蛋还有助于孕妇血糖管理[2]、降低孕妇患心脏病风险[3]和促进宝宝大脑发育[4]。
然而，鸡蛋也是孕妇胆固醇的主要来源[5,6]。虽然胆固醇对宝宝的生长发育很重要，但也与妊娠期疾病和不良妊娠结局相关[7,8]。因此，孕期应摄入多少鸡蛋仍然是一个有争议的话题。
Part.01
增加妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）风险
GDM是最常见的产科并发症之一，与孕产妇和新生儿不良结局的风险增加有关[9]。研究发现，其他食物来源的胆固醇与GDM之间的相关性并不显著，然而，鸡蛋来源的胆固醇与GDM的发生呈正相关。每天每增加一个鸡蛋，GDM的风险就增加32%，并且在调整GDM的潜在危险因素后，这种关联仍然存在。因此，孕妇将鸡蛋摄入量限制在合理水平可能有助于降低患GDM的风险。
Part.02
增加巨大儿（LGA）风险
这项研究发现，在整个孕期内，孕妇总胆固醇和鸡蛋来源的胆固醇摄入量与新生儿出生体重z评分增加有关；在孕早期和孕晚期，孕妇鸡蛋摄入量与LGA风险呈正相关；在孕晚期，相比每周摄入鸡蛋小于7个的孕妇，摄入量为8-10个和大于10个鸡蛋的孕妇其新生儿患LGA的风险分别增加了37%和45%。
Part.03
鸡蛋和胆固醇摄入量推荐
一个鸡蛋的胆固醇含量约为186 mg[10]。但每天摄入379 mg鸡蛋来源的胆固醇就与GDM的发生呈正相关[11]，且膳食中的胆固醇每增加100 mg，患GMD风险就增加32%[12]。研究人员建议将孕期每日的胆固醇摄入量限制在300 mg[13]。
我国《孕期妇女膳食指南》[14]推荐孕中期鱼、禽、蛋、肉的每日摄入量为150-200g，孕晚期为200-250g。
中国营养学会对于孕妇膳食的指导则更为详细，其中明确了蛋类的摄入为每日50g，约为1个鸡蛋。
鸡蛋可以成为孕期健康饮食的一部分，提供蛋白质、维生素和矿物质等必需营养素，但食用的数量不宜过多。孕妇最好根据自身情况健康状况和营养需求，向专家咨询专业的饮食建议，以度过一个安全舒适的孕期。
1. Usda.gov. Food Data Central. Available at: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173424/nutrients. 2024.
2. Pourafshar S, Akhavan NS, George KS, et al. Egg consumption may improve factors associated with glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in adults with pre- and type II diabetes. Food & function. 2018;9(8):4469-4479.
3. Carter S, Connole ES, Hill AM, Buckley JD, Coates AM. Eggs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: An Update of Recent Evidence. Current atherosclerosis reports. 2023;25(7):373-380.
4. DiBella M, Thomas MS, Alyousef H, et al. Choline Intake as Supplement or as a Component of Eggs Increases Plasma Choline and Reduces Interleukin-6 without Modifying Plasma Cholesterol in Participants with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients. 2020;12(10).
5. Zhang Y, Lan X, Li F, et al. Dietary cholesterol and egg intake are associated with the risk of gestational diabetes: a prospective study from Southwest China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):45.
6. Xue H, Qin R, Xi Q, et al. Maternal Dietary Cholesterol and Egg Intake during Pregnancy and Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study. The Journal of nutrition. 2024;154(6):1880-1889.
7. Adank MC, Benschop L, Kors AW, et al. Maternal lipid profile in early pregnancy is associated with foetal growth and the risk of a child born large-for-gestational age: a population-based prospective cohort study : Maternal lipid profile in early pregnancy and foetal growth. BMC medicine. 2020;18(1):276.
8. Kaneko K, Ito Y, Ebara T, et al. Association of Maternal Total Cholesterol With SGA or LGA Birth at Term: the Japan Environment and Children's Study. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2022;107(1):e118-e129.
9. Farrar D, Simmonds M, Bryant M, et al. Hyperglycaemia and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2016;354:i4694.
10. Usda.gov. AskUSDA. Available at: https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/What-is-the-cholesterol-content-of-eggs. 2024.
11. Wu Y, Sun G, Zhou X, et al. Pregnancy dietary cholesterol intake, major dietary cholesterol sources, and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2020;39(5):1525-1534.
12. Gao F, Cui CY. Dietary Cholesterol Intake and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Journal of the American Nutrition Association. 2022;41(1):107-115.
13. de Castro MBT, Farias DR, Lepsch J, Mendes RH, Ferreira AA, Kac G. High cholesterol dietary intake during pregnancy is associated with large for gestational age in a sample of low-income women of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Maternal & child nutrition. 2017;13(3).
14. 中国营养学会膳食指南修订专家委员会妇幼人群膳食指南修订专家工作组. 孕期妇女膳食指南. 中华围产医学杂志. 2016;19(9):641-648.
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