双语外刊
素材来源：WSJ
Big Dreams Built on Higher Education Sour Worldwide for Jobless Graduates
There aren’t enough white-collar jobs in developing countries; ‘What the heck do I do now?’
发展中国家失业毕业生体尝高等教育扩大化的苦果
过去20年，发展中国家进行了一场教育革命，希望借高等教育规模的扩大实现国民财富增长。如今，越来越多的大学毕业生涌入市场，但高质量工作的供给却相对不足。
Over the past two decades, an education revolution swept large parts of the developing world. Colleges popped up, by the thousands, across cities and small towns alike. Farmers, laborers and herders poured their wages into higher education for their children, who nursed dreams of becoming lawyers, engineers and diplomats.
过去20年，一场教育革命席卷了发展中国家的大部分地区。从大城市到小城镇，数以千计的大学如雨后春笋般涌现。农民、工人和牧民纷纷把薪水投入到子女的高等教育中，这些孩子梦想着成为律师、工程师和外交官。
It didn’t quite pan out. The avalanche of graduates is overwhelming emerging economies, which aren’t producing white-collar jobs on anywhere near the same scale. Legions of newly minted bearers of degrees and diplomas are jobless and frustrated, stunting the growth of this emerging middle class.
但情况并没有完全按预想的发展。新兴经济体正被大量涌现的毕业生所淹没，而这些经济体创造白领就业岗位的速度远远跟不上。大批刚获得学位和文凭的人失业，他们十分沮丧，阻碍了这个新兴中产阶级的壮大。
The unemployment rate in the developing world for young people with higher-education qualifications is two to three times the rich-world figure, according to an August report by the United Nations International Labor Organization. In low-income and lower-middle-income countries—groupings that include nations across South and Southeast Asia, North Africa and the Middle East—more than a fifth of those under age 30 who have such postsecondary qualifications are unemployed.
根据联合国国际劳工组织(United Nations International Labor Organization) 8月份的一份报告，如果看拥有高等教育学历的年轻人的失业率，发展中国家是发达国家的两到三倍。在低收入和中等偏下收入国家（包括南亚、东南亚、北非和中东的国家），30岁以下拥有此类高等教育学历的年轻人中，超过五分之一处于失业状态。
In these countries, young people who have completed college are more likely to be jobless than those with a basic education.
在这些国家，完成大学教育的年轻人比只接受了基础教育的年轻人更容易失业。
Exacerbating the mismatch is the fact that many of the new colleges are of poor quality, according to experts in higher education. They produce students who line up for prestigious jobs, but who often don’t have the skills companies seek.
高等教育专家表示，许多新设立的大学教学质量较差，加剧了这种供需错配。这些学校培养出的学生会去竞争体面的工作，但他们往往不具备企业所需的技能。
“Expectations for a white-collar job have gone up, but in a way that is not commensurate with their skills,” said Karthik Muralidharan, an economics professor at the University of California San Diego.
加州大学圣地亚哥分校(University of California San Diego)经济学教授Karthik Muralidharan表示，年轻人对白领工作的期望已提高，但他们的技能不能与之相称。
Disenchanted graduates are migrating abroad, sometimes illegally. In 2022, 36% of recent immigrants who entered the U.S. illegally and are between the ages of 25 and 64 had a bachelor’s degree or higher, up from 17% in 2007, according to an analysis of census data by Jeff Passel, a senior demographer at Pew Research.
失望的毕业生正向海外移民，有时是非法移民。皮尤研究中心(Pew Research)高级人口学家Jeff Passel对人口普查数据进行的分析显示，2022年，年龄在25岁至64岁之间、通过非法途径进入美国的移民中，有36%的人拥有学士或以上学位，高于2007年的17%。
Other disappointed degree-holders are delaying marriage and putting off having children, contributing to a demographic slump that is weighing on global growth. After bouts of unemployment, many graduates settle into low-wage jobs in retail or as taxi drivers, where they contribute relatively little to the global economy.
其他失望的学位持有者正推迟结婚和生育，这在一定程度上导致了正拖累全球经济增长的人口下降。许多毕业生在经历失业后，最终从事零售或出租车司机等低工资工作，对全球经济的贡献相对较小。
Youth unemployment is around 15% in China this year, according to government statistics. University graduates in the country joke about becoming “full-time children,” taking care of their parents in exchange for an allowance.
根据政府统计数据，今年中国青年失业率约为15%。该国大学毕业生调侃说要做“全职子女”，也就是自己照顾父母，然后父母付钱给他们。
Among the worst-affected countries is India, where an unprecedented expansion of higher education over the past 20 years has tripled the share of young people with college degrees or comparable diplomas. Some of them are highly skilled engineers and technicians who are thriving in the country’s booming southern tech hubs. But many are struggling.
受影响最严重的国家之一是印度，过去20年来，印度高等教育空前扩张，拥有大学学位或同等文凭的年轻人比例增加了两倍。其中一些是本领娴熟的工程师和技术人员，他们在该国蓬勃发展的南部科技中心过得如鱼得水。但还有许多人在苦苦挣扎。
In 2022, 29% of Indian graduates under the age of 30 were unemployed, roughly nine times the jobless rate of Indians who don’t have a primary education, according to a March study by the International Labor Organization.
据国际劳工组织(International Labor Organization)今年3月份的一项研究，2022年，29%的30岁以下印度毕业生没有工作，大约是未接受过小学教育的印度人失业率的九倍。
Manikanta M earned a bachelor’s degree in technology from a college in Bengaluru, India, a year ago, hoping to become an electronics engineer. Over the past year, the 26-year-old has sent out dozens of job applications, which got him interviews but no suitable jobs. Instead, he works as a transport coordinator at a tech firm, where he arranges pickups and dropoffs for company employees for about $350 a month, after tax.
Manikanta M一年前在印度班加罗尔的一所大学获得了技术学士学位，希望成为一名电子工程师。在过去的一年里，这名26岁的年轻人发出了数十份求职申请，虽然获得了一些面试机会，但都没有找到合适的工作。他现在在一家科技公司担任交通协调员，负责安排公司员工的接送，每月工资税后约350美元。
“My family struggled to make me an engineer,” Manikanta said. “Not having a good job is the worst thing for a middle-class family.”
“我的家人费了好大劲儿，还是没能让我成为一名工程师，”Manikanta说。“对中产阶级家庭来说，没有一份好工作是最糟糕的事情。”
At the dawn of the new millennium, expanding higher education seemed like the surest road to national wealth. The world’s richest nations boasted what are known as knowledge economies, where innovation drove economic growth. Development experts warned governments that if they didn’t boost their ranks of highly educated youngsters, they would be left in the dust.
在新千年伊始，扩大高等教育似乎是实现国民财富增长的最可靠途径。世界上最富有的国家拥有所谓的知识经济，创新推动着经济增长。发展专家当时警告各国政府，如果不增加受过高等教育的年轻人队伍，他们就会被甩在后面。
Parents were likewise determined to send their children to college. By the 2000s, the manufacturing sectors of many developing countries had stagnated or declined, a phenomenon known as premature deindustrialization. That meant that the good jobs were generally found in government, teaching or technology—all of which required a college education.
家长们也决心送孩子上大学。到21世纪第一个十年，许多发展中国家的制造业停滞不前或出现萎缩，这种现象被称为过早去工业化。这意味着好工作通常集中在政府部门、教育或科技行业，而这些行业都需要大学学历。
With space at public universities limited, governments authorized the expansion of private institutions, which typically receive little or no government funding. These colleges couldn’t easily raise tuition rates, because the students they catered to were often poor. Instead, many of them earned money by lowering entrance standards and boosting enrollment.
在公立大学招生名额有限的情况下，政府批准扩大私立院校的招生规模，而私立院校通常很少或根本得不到政府资助。这些大学不能轻易提高学费，因为他们招收的学生往往来自低收入家庭。其中许多大学只能选择通过降低入学标准和扩大招生规模来赚钱。
From 2006 to 2018 the number of students in developing countries enrolled in higher education nearly doubled, from 79 million to 150 million, according to a 2022 report by Higher Education Strategy Associates, a consulting firm based in Toronto. By 2018, around three-quarters of the students enrolled in higher education lived in emerging economies—up from about half in 2006.
总部位于多伦多的咨询公司Higher Education Strategy Associates 2022年的一份报告显示，从2006年到2018年，发展中国家接受高等教育的学生人数几乎增长一倍，从7,900万增至1.5亿。到2018年，全球约四分之三的高校学生生活在新兴经济体，而2006年这一比例约为一半。
The higher-education push made it to the Mongolian steppe, where herders dreamed of an easier life for their children. After Communism ended in the early 1990s, for-profit universities sprouted. By 2022, Mongolia had one of the highest number of higher-education institutes per capita in the world, according to Orkhon Gantogtokh, a Mongolian researcher on the subject who is pursuing a Ph.D. at the University of British Columbia.
高等教育的热潮甚至蔓延到了蒙古草原，那里的牧民梦想着自己的孩子能过上更舒适的生活。上世纪90年代初，蒙古结束了共产主义制度，营利性大学如雨后春笋般涌现。正在不列颠哥伦比亚大学(University of British Columbia)攻读博士学位的蒙古问题研究员Orkhon Gantogtokh表示，到了2022年，蒙古的人均高等教育机构数量已位居世界前列。
Mongolian colleges engaged in price wars, seeking to lower fees to attract more students. “Diploma mills are everywhere,” Orkhon said.
蒙古的大学纷纷打起了价格战，为了吸引更多生源而降低学费。Orkhon说，文凭工厂随处可见。
Although Mongolia’s economy is centered on natural resources, such as coal and gold mining, many students got degrees in areas such as journalism and law, for which there aren’t many jobs. Meanwhile, law firms struggled to find qualified trainees, because the quality of legal education was often poor.
尽管蒙古经济以开采煤炭和黄金等自然资源为中心，但许多学生获得了新闻和法律等领域的学位，而这些领域的工作岗位并不多。与此同时，律师事务所也很难找到合格的实习生，因为法律专业的教育质量往往很差。
Azjargal Demberel, 37 years old, grew up in a herding family, toughing out a childhood that involved getting blisters from milking cows in the freezing mornings. Moving to the capital, Ulaanbaatar, in her teens, she earned a journalism degree from a local university. Two of her younger siblings graduated with degrees in medicine and law.
37岁的登贝雷尔(Azjargal Demberel)在一个牧民家庭中长大，童年时生活艰苦，经常在寒冷的早晨挤牛奶，手上磨出水泡。十几岁时，她搬到了首都乌兰巴托，并在当地一所大学获得了新闻学学位。她的两个弟弟/妹妹分别获得了医学和法律学位。
Today, none are employed in their chosen field. Azjargal has bounced in and out of journalism and currently earns money selling Amway home products. Her siblings left for South Korea after struggling to gain a professional foothold in Mongolia. They are pursuing further degrees while working odd jobs, cleaning houses and at a moving company, Azjargal said.
如今，他们都没有从事与自己所选专业相关的工作。登贝雷尔曾做过一段时间新闻工作，目前靠销售安利(Amway)家居用品赚钱。登贝雷尔说，在蒙古求职不顺之后，她的弟弟妹妹去了韩国。他们一边学习深造，一边在打一些零工，如家政和搬家公司的工作。
Their experience resonates across different corners of the developing world. Even in Latin America, where youth unemployment had dropped 4.5 percentage points to 13.4% last year, compared with 2019, many university graduates find themselves stuck.
而这种现象在许多发展中国家都存在。即使是在失业率下降的拉丁美洲，许多大学毕业生也发现自己处境尴尬。去年拉美青年失业率与2019年相比下降了4.5个百分点，至13.4%。
Like Camila Ortiz Caram, who studied industrial design at the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina and graduated in 2023 after six years of study. With few jobs in her field, the 26-year-old put off moving out of her parents’ home, and ultimately found work at a perfume shop. She also holds a résumé-boosting position as an unpaid adjunct lecturer at the university.
Camila Ortiz Caram就是其中之一，她在阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯大学(University of Buenos Aires)学习工业设计，经过六年的学习后她于2023年毕业。由于本专业工作机会少之又少，这位26岁的女孩推迟了从父母家搬出去的计划，最终在一家香水店找到了工作。她还在大学里担任无薪的兼职讲师，以提升自己的履历。
“After finishing school, I said to myself, ‘What the heck do I do now?’” she said.
她说：“毕业后，我对自己说，‘我现在到底该怎么办？’”
In South Africa, college graduates are much less likely to be unemployed than the overall population, but graduate unemployment is on the rise, doubling since 2012 to 12%. Rea Mokhoantle, 27, has been unable to use her human-resources degree, and is instead working for an online platform that gives her one-time administrative tasks.
在南非，相比总人口的失业率，大学毕业生失业的可能性要低得多，但毕业生失业率正在上升，自2012年以来已经增长了一倍，达到12%。27岁的Rea Mokhoantle拿着人力资源学位但找不到相关的工作，她就职于一家在线平台，该平台会给她分派一些一次性的行政事务。
“It just blew my mind that there are these degrees that are being offered, but you can’t do anything with them,” Mokhoantle said. “Nobody told us this when we were in school.”
“让我感到不可置信的是，有这么多学位可供选择，但最终这些学位却毫无用处，”Mokhoantle说。“在学校时没有人告诉过我们这些。”
Some scholars say that a slower, more deliberate expansion of higher education would have been better for developing countries.
一些学者表示，发展中国家本应以一种更慢、更慎重的方式扩大高等教育规模。
“The door was opened too wide and too indiscriminately, too quickly,” said Philip Altbach, professor emeritus at Boston College’s Center for International Higher Education. “The idea of maintaining standards was not kept in force properly, and once the genie is out of the bottle, it’s very, very hard to put it back.”
“当时这扇门开得太大、太不加选择、太快了，”波士顿学院(Boston College)国际高等教育中心(Center for International Higher Education)名誉教授Philip Altbach说。“保持水准的理念没有得到妥善执行，而一旦开了口子，就很难再堵上。”
注：中文译文更新较英文原文有所延迟，因而中英对照版本有可能出现部分不一致的情况。
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