2024心衰领域热度依旧,其中合并肥胖患者的心血管疾病管理再次成为讨论热点,面对射血分数保留的心衰(HFpEF)合并肥胖患者的治疗,GLP-1RA表现如何?
HFpEF曾被错误认知为HFrEF的早期表现,但随着研究的不断深入,人们逐渐认识到HFpEF的发病机制及风险因素与HFrEF不同。HFpEF主要风险因素包括年龄、高血压(HTN)、肥胖、房颤(AF)、慢性肾脏病(CKD)[2],且HFpEF患者住院率和死亡率与HFrEF相当[3]。随着疾病认知和诊断能力的提升,HFpEF已成为心衰的主要表型,我国心衰住院患者调查显示HFpEF患者占比43%,而HFrEF占比仅为35.2%[3]。临床上,超过80%HFpEF患者合并有超重或肥胖[4],肥胖被认为是HFpEF的主要病因之一,美国国家心肺血液研究所HFpEF工作组最近的一份白皮书指出,“未来的HFpEF研究应特别关注肥胖HFpEF表型的诊断、病理生理学、治疗和预防,并应优先考虑将病态肥胖HFpEF患者纳入临床试验”[5]。本文特邀四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院孔洪教授对GLP-1RA在HFpEF合并超重/肥胖患者中获益证据进行回顾和梳理,解读最新的临床研究数据,以期助力减轻HFpEF的疾病负担,改善患者临床结局。
肥胖和超重不仅是心衰患者的合并症,并且在HFpEF的发生和进展中起关键作用。目前HFpEF有效治疗方案有限,亟需针对不同表型HFpEF的治疗。司美格鲁肽是一种长效的胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)。既往STEP系列研究业已证实了司美格鲁肽在合并/不合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)的超重/肥胖患者中显著的减重效果,同时改善心血管代谢异常[6-8]。那么在HFpEF合并肥胖患者中,使用司美格鲁肽治疗是否可以缓解心衰症状和体力活动受限,提升患者的运动能力并减轻体重?STEP HFpEF[9]和STEP HFpEF DM[10]研究证实了这一假设。
STEP-HFpEF研究是一项双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的研究,旨在研究司美格鲁肽(2.4mg,每周一次,皮下注射)能否改善不合并T2DM的HFpEF伴肥胖患者的症状、身体活动限制和运动功能。研究结果提示,与安慰剂相比,司美格鲁肽可显著改善心衰症状和体力活动受限,并大幅度减轻体重。随后的STEP-HFpEF DM研究发现,在合并T2DM的HFpEF伴肥胖患者中,与安慰剂相比,司美格鲁肽同样能显著改善患者心衰症状和体力活动受限。
STEP-HFpEF和STEP-HFpEF DM的汇总分析[11]纳入1145例体质指数(BMI)为30kg/m2或更高的HFpEF患者。研究结果提示,与安慰剂相比,司美格鲁肽2.4mg治疗组患者的堪萨斯城心肌病问卷临床总评分(KCCQ-CSS)提高7.5分(15.0分 vs.7.5分,P<0.0001,与基线相比,图1),体重减轻8.4%(-11.4% vs. -3.0%,P<0.0001)6分钟步行试验距离增加17.1米(16.7m vs. -0.3m,p<0.0001,与基线相比),提示患者心衰症状、身体功能受限和运动功能明显改善。
(KCCQ-CSS:堪萨斯城心肌病问卷临床总评分;95%CI:95%置信区间)
STEP-HFpEF研究和STEP-HFpEF DM研究不仅让学界重新认识了超重/肥胖与HFpEF之间的关系,也为治疗合并超重/肥胖的HFpEF患者提供了有效的干预靶点,有望为HFpEF患者提供新的治疗选择,进一步提升患者的生活质量和临床转归。
2024欧洲心血管学会(ESC)年会期间,更多STEP HFpEF后续亚组分析结果披露,进一步夯实司美格鲁肽在HFpEF合并肥胖患者中治疗的证据。
图2:司美格鲁肽2.4mg显著改善伴/不伴AF的HFpEF患者心衰相关症状[13]
(KCCQ-CSS:堪萨斯城心肌病问卷临床总评分;95%CI:95%置信区间)
图3:不论基线CRP水平如何,司美格鲁肽2.4mg可显著改善HFpEF患者炎症水平及心衰相关症状[15]
*利尿剂剂量按呋塞米等效剂量计算
图4:无论基线利尿剂是否使用或使用剂量,司美格鲁肽2.4mg显著改善伴/不伴T2DM的HFpEF患者心衰相关症状并可以减少利尿剂的使用/剂量[19]
(KCCQ-CSS:堪萨斯城心肌病问卷临床总评分;95%CI:95%置信区间;ETR:估算治疗比)
*SELECT研究,STEP-HFpEF研究和STEP-HFpEF DM研究中司美格鲁肽剂量为2.4mg/周,其中SELECT研究针对肥胖合并CVD患者,STEP-HFpEF w/o DM 研究的研究人群是肥胖合并HFpEF的非T2DM或T2DM患者;†FLOW研究中司美格鲁肽使用剂量为1mg/周,目标人群为T2DM合并CKD患者
肥胖是HFpEF的重要病因,司美格鲁肽在针对HFpEF合并肥胖的研究中展现出的积极疗效,为这类患者开辟了新的治疗途径。司美格鲁肽不仅能够显著提升患者的生活质量,还能有效减轻体重,缓解身体活动上的限制,并在不同亚组中获得一致性效果。相信随着更多临床证据的累积,通过科学合理地应用GLP-1RA类药物,切实改善HFpEF患者的治疗现状,为患者带来更佳的生活质量和临床预后,从而进一步推动这一领域医疗实践的进步。
孔洪 教授
四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院心血管内科 主任医师、心衰中心主任
中国医师协会心力衰竭专委会委员
中华医学会心血管病分会心力衰竭学组委员
中国老年医学会心电与心功能分会常务委员
中国医院协会心脏康复管理专业委员会委员
四川省医学会心电生理与起搏专业委员会委员
四川省老年医学学会慢病管理专业委员会副主任委员
四川省中医药学会心力衰竭专业委员会副主任委员
国家心血管病专家委员会心力衰竭专业委员会常务委员
《中华心力衰竭和心肌病杂志》编委
《中华老年心脑血管病杂志》编委
《心血管病学进展杂志》编委
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