过去50年全球前10经济体排名变化——美国稳居第一;苏联曾经排第二;日本德国中国印度等国此起彼伏

文摘   2024-12-22 00:08   广东  

Mapped: The World’s Largest Economies, Sized by GDP (1970-2020)

图解:1970-2020年全球最大经济体GDP规模的演变



Global GDP has grown massively over the last 50 years, but not all countries experienced this economic growth equally.

过去50年,全球国内生产总值(GDP)实现了惊人的增长,但各国间的经济发展却呈现出不均衡的态势。


In 1970, the world’s nominal GDP was just $3.4 trillion. Fast forward a few decades and it had reached $85.3 trillion by 2020. And thanks to shifting dynamics, such as industrialization and the rise and fall of political regimes, the world’s largest economies driving this global growth have changed over time.

1970年,全球名义GDP仅为3.4万亿美元;到了2020年,这一数字已飙升至85.3万亿美元。在此期间,随着工业化进程的推进、政治格局的变迁,全球经济版图也发生了显著变化。


The article uses maps and tables to show the distribution of global GDP among countries in 1970, 1995, and 2020.

本文利用地图和表格展示了1970年、1995年和2020年全球GDP在各国间的分布情况。


Methodology

研究方法


Using data from the United Nations, we collected nominal GDP in U.S. dollars for each countryand then determined each country’s GDP as a share of global GDP and sized each graphic’s bubbles accordingly.

本研究采用联合国提供的以美元计价的名义GDP数据,计算出各国的GDP占全球GDP的比重,并以气泡图的形式直观呈现。气泡的大小与各国的GDP规模成正比。


The bubbles were placed according to country latitude and longitude coordinates, but programmed the bubbles so that they wouldn’t overlap with each other. For this reason, some countries are slightly displaced from their exact locations on a map.

在绘制地图时,我们根据各国的经纬度坐标确定气泡的初始位置。为了避免气泡重叠,对气泡的位置进行了微调,因此部分国家在地图上的显示位置可能与实际地理位置稍有偏差。


1970: USSR as a Major Player

1970年:苏联是重要经济体之一


In 1970, the U.S. accounted for the largest share of global GDP, making up nearly one-third of the world economy. The table below shows the top 10 economies in 1970.

1970年,美国是全球最大的经济体,其GDP占全球总量的近三分之一。下表列出了1970年全球GDP排名前十的经济体:

Rank

排名

Country

国家

GDP (1970)

1970GDP

Share of Global GDP

全球GDP份额

1

United States美国

$1.1T1.1万亿)

31.4 %

2

USSR苏联

$433B4330亿)

12.7 %

3

Germany德国

$216B2160亿)

6.3 %

4

Japan日本

$213B2130亿)

6.2 %

5

France法国

$148B1480亿)

4.3 %

6

UK英国

$131B1310亿)

3.8 %

7

Italy意大利

$113B1130亿)

3.3 %

8

China中国

$93B930亿)

2.7 %

9

Canada加拿大

$89B890亿)

2.6 %

10

India印度

$62B620亿)

1.8 %

Then a global superpower, the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came in second place on the list of the world’s largest economies.

作为当时的全球超级大国,前苏联位列全球最大经济体榜单的第二位。


In the years leading up to 1970, the USSR had seen impressive GDP growth largely due to adopting Western technologies that increased productivity. However, the USSR’s economy began to stagnate in the ‘70s, and eventually collapsed in 1991.

1970年前的数年里,苏联通过引进西方先进技术,大幅提升了生产效率,实现了经济的高速增长。然而,从20世纪70年代开始,苏联经济增长逐渐放缓,并最终在1991年解体。


On the other side, Germany (including both West and East Germany) was the third-largest economy in 1970 after rising from economic ruin following World War II. West Germany’s “Economic Miracle” is largely credited to the introduction of a new currency to replace the Riechsmark, large tax cuts brought in to spur investment, and the removal of price controls.

另一方面,德国(包括西德和东德)从二战后的经济废墟中崛起,在1970年成为全球第三大经济体。西德的经济奇迹主要归功于以下几方面:用新货币取代旧的帝国马克、用大幅度减税来刺激投资,以及取消价格管控。


1995: Japan Begins to Slow Down

1995年:日本经济开始放缓


By 1995, the U.S. still held the top spot on the world’s largest economies list, but the country’s share of global GDP had shrunk.

到了1995年,美国仍然稳居全球最大经济体的首位,但其在全球GDP中的占比已经缩小。


Rank

排名

Country/Area

国家或地区

GDP (1995)

1995GDP

Share of Global GDP

占全球GDP份额

1

United States美国

$7.6T7.6万亿)

24.4 %

2

Japan日本

$5.5T5.5万亿)

17.7 %

3

Germany德国

$2.6T2.6万亿)

8.3 %

4

France法国

$1.6T1.6万亿)

5.1 %

5

UK英国

$1.3T1.3万亿)

4.3 %

6

Italy意大利

$1.2T1.2万亿)

3.8 %

7

Brazil巴西

$778B7780亿)

2.5 %

8

China中国

$734B7340亿)

2.4 %

9

Spain西班牙

$615B6150亿)

2.0 %

10

Canada加拿大

$606B6060亿)

1.9 %


Meanwhile, Japan had leapfrogged into second place and nearly tripled its share of the global economy compared to 1970. A number of factors played into Japan’s economic success:

与此同时,日本经济迅速崛起,跃居全球第二,其在全球经济中的份额相较1970年几乎翻了两番。推动日本经济取得如此成就的因素包括:


1.Large business groups known as keiretsu used their connections to undercut rivals

大型企业集团(系列けいれつ企業間組織利用其商业网络压制竞争对手;


2.Fierce competition between companies encouraged innovation

企业间激烈竞争推动了创新


3.Tax breaks and cheap credit stimulated investment

税收减免和低息贷款刺激了投资


4.The well-educated workforce was willing to work extremely long hours

拥有受过良好教育愿意且付出极长的工作时间的劳动力


But around 1990, the country’s economy had actually begun to slow down. Japan’s decreasing labor force participation rate and diminishing returns from higher education both could have played a role.

然而,到了1990年前后,日本经济实际上已开始放缓。这种减速可能与劳动力参与率下降以及高等教育带来的边际收益递减有关。


2020: The World’s Largest Economies Shift Again

2020年:世界最大经济体格局再次变化


In 2020, the United States continued to hold onto the number one spot among the world’s largest economies. However, Japan’s slowdown created a rare opportunity for a new powerhouse to emerge:China.

2020年,美国仍保持着全球最大经济体的领先地位。然而,在日本经济的持续低迷的时候,中国迎来了经济崛起的珍贵历史机遇。


Rank

排名

Country/Area

国家或地区

GDP (2020)

2020GDP

Share of Global GDP

占全球GDP份额

1

United States美国

$20.9T20.9万亿)

24.5 %

2

China中国

$14.7T14.7万亿)

17.3 %

3

Japan日本

$5.1T5.1万亿)

5.9 %

4

Germany德国

$3.8T3.8万亿)

4.5 %

5

UK英国

$2.8T2.8万亿)

3.2 %

6

India印度

$2.7T2.7万亿)

3.1 %

7

France法国

$2.6T2.6万亿)

3.1 %

8

Italy意大利

$1.9T1.9万亿)

2.2 %

9

Canada加拿大

$1.6T1.6万亿)

1.9 %

10

South Korea韩国

$1.6T1.6万亿)

1.9 %

China’s economy saw incredible growth following economic reforms in 1978. The reforms encouraged the formation of private businesses, liberalized foreign trade and investment, relaxed state control over some prices, and invested in industrial production and the education of its workforce. With profit incentives introduced to private businesses, productivity increased.

1978年实行经济改革后,中国经济实现了令人难以置信的增长。这些改革鼓励了民营企业的发展,放宽对外贸易和外资限制,逐步放开物价管制,并加大了对工业生产和劳动力教育的投资。利润激励机制的引入,极大地激发了企业活力,推动了生产力的快速提升。


China was also positioned as a cheap manufacturing hub for multinational corporations. Since rising into contention, the country has become the world’s largest exporter.

中国不仅成为了许多跨国公司的低成本制造基地。自改革开放的以来,中国迅速崛起为全球最大的出口国。


India held the title of the sixth largest economy in 2020. Similar to China, the country’s growth came from relaxed economic restrictions, and it has seen particularly strong growth within the service sector, including telecommunications, IT, and software.

印度在2020年成为全球第六大经济体。与中国类似,印度的经济增长也得益于放宽经济限制。包括了电信、信息技术和软件领域在内的服务业表现出了特别强劲的增长势头。


With dynamics shifting, which countries will be on the leader board in another 25 years?

随着全球经济格局的不断变化,未来的25年,又会是哪些国家跻身全球经济领导者之列呢?


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