FIDIC“彩虹族”合同,包括施工合同条件(红皮书)、生产设备和设计、建造合同条件(黄皮书)和EPC/交钥匙合同条件(银皮书)至今已发展到2017年第二版。在中国国内,2017年版FIDIC合同体系已由中国机械工业出版社翻译出版。但笔者在使用机械工业出版社出版的2017年版“彩虹族”合同体系的过程中,发现该中文译本存在不少谬误,甚至是概念性错误。
在实际工作中,我国不少建设工程从业者或者出于使用效率的考虑,或者因为受英文能力限制直接阅读使用英文原版存在困难,还是在普遍使用FIDIC合同的中文译本,所以笔者感觉对FIDIC合同的中文译本进行勘误还是有较大的必要。为此,笔者通过本文对唐萍、张瑞杰等译,中国机械工业出版社2021年出版的FIDIC 2017年版《设计采购施工(EPC)/交钥匙工程合同条件》(银皮书)进行勘误,供各位同仁参阅。
特别说明,虽然上述中文译本在行文方面措辞错乱较多,但笔者在本文中无意对该中文译本的行文措辞一一纠正,而仅勘误重要概念错误。勘误的内容如下(删除线删除的内容为原中译本翻译,红色字体内容为笔者勘误后的修正):
1.1.53 "Performance Damages" means the damages to be paid by the Contractor to the Employer for the failure to achieve the guaranteed performance of the Plant and/or the Works or any part of the Works (as the case may be), as set out in the Schedule of Performance Guarantees.
“履约损害赔偿费性能损害赔偿金”系指由于未能达到性能保证资料表中规定的生产设备和/或工程或工程的任何部分的保证性能,而由承包商支付给雇主的损害赔偿费。
【宋律师评注】该处的Performance Damages并非指履约损害赔偿费,而是指性能损害赔偿金。在工程实践中,许多领域的工程项目,特别是在工业领域,在完工阶段会对建成的工程进行性能试验,经过性能试验检测,如果工程实现了招标文件规定的性能保证值要求,则工程合格;如果未实现招标文件规定的性能保证值要求,则承包商通常需要向业主支付性能违约金(严重时还可能导致工程被业主拒收)——在英国法下,采用性能损害赔偿金的概念,即Performance Damages。
5.7 The Contractor shall prepare, and keep up-to-date, a complete set of operation and maintenance manuals for the Works (the "O&M Manuals" in these Conditions).
The format and other relevant details of the O&M Manuals shall be as stated in the Employer's Requirements and, in any case, these manuals shall:
(a)be in sufficient detail for the Employer to:
(i)operate, maintain and adjust the Works to ensure that the performance of the Works, Section and/or Plant (as the case may be) continues to comply with the performance criteria specified in the Employer's Requirements and the Schedule of Performance Guarantees; and
(ii)operate, maintain, dismantle, reassemble, adjust and repair the Plant; and
(b)include an inventory of spare parts required for the Employer's future operation and maintenance of the Plant.
Before commencement of the Tests on Completion, the Contractor shall submit provisional O&M Manuals for the Works or Section (as the case may be) to the Employer under Sub-Clause 5.2.2 [Review by Employer].
If during the Tests on Completion any error or defect is found in the provisional O&M Manuals, the Contractor shall promptly rectify the error or defect at the Contractor's risk and cost.
Before the issue of any Taking-Over Certificate under Sub-Clause 10.1 [Taking Over the Works and Sections], the final O&M Manuals shall be submitted to the Employer under Sub-Clause 5.2.2 [Review by Employer].
承包商应为工程编制并保持一套最新的完整的操作和维护手册(本条件中的“质量管理手册运行维护手册”)。
质量管理手册的格式和其他相关细节应如雇主要求所规定的,在任何情况下, 这些手册应:
(a) 足够详细,以便雇主:
(i) 操作、维护和调整工程,以确保工程、分项工程和/或生产设备(视情况而定)的性能持续符合雇主要求和性能保证资料表中规定的性能标准;(和)
(ii) 操作、维修、拆卸、重新组装、调整和修复生产设备;(以及)
(b) 包括雇主未来操作和维护生产设备所需的备件清单。
在竣工试验开始前,承包商应根据第5.2.2项[由雇主审核]的规定,向雇主提供暂行的工程或分项工程(视情况而定)质量管理手册运行维护手册。
如果在竣工试验期间,发现暂行的质量管理手册运行维护手册中有任何错误或缺陷,承包商应立即纠正错误或缺陷,风险和费用由其承担。
在根据第10.1款[工程和分项工程的接收]的规定签发任何接收证书之前,应根据第5.2.2项[由雇主审核]的规定,向雇主提供最终质量管理手册运行维护手册。
【宋律师评注】该款中的O&M Manuals是指前文所述的operation and maintenance manuals的缩写,即“运行维护手册”,而不是“质量管理手册”。运行维护手册是工程项目建成投产后进行运行和检修维护的重要指导依据,属于重要的承包商文件。
7.7 Each item of Plant and Materials shall, to the extent consistent with the mandatory requirements of the Laws of the Country, become the property of the Employer at whichever is the earlier of the following times, tree from liens and other encumbrances:
从下列较早者的时间起, 在符合工程所在国法律的强制性要求规定的有权范围内, 每项生产设备和材料都应无抵押权留置权和其他阻碍地成为雇主的财产:
【宋律师评注】该款中的liens在法律上是指留置权,而不是抵押权(mortgage)。留置权是一种法定的担保权,而抵押权是一种约定的担保权。
11.4 If the Contractor fails to remedy the defect or damage by the date stated in this Notice and this remedial work was to be executed at the cost of the Contractor under Sub-Clause 11.2 [Cost of Remedying Defects], the Employer may (at the Employer's sole discretion):
…
(b) accept the damaged or defective work, in which case the Employer shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.2 [Claims For Payment and/or EOT] to:
(i) payment of Performance Damages by the Contractor in full satisfaction of this failure; or
(ii) if there is no Schedule of Performance Guarantees under the Contract, or no applicable Performance Damages, a reduction in the Contract Price. The reduction shall be in full satisfaction of this failure only and shall be in the amount as shall be appropriate to cover the reduced value to the Employer as a result of this failure;
如果承包商未能在该通知中规定的日期修补好缺陷或损害,并且根据第11.2款[修补缺陷的费用]的规定,此项修补工作应由承包商承担费用,雇主可以(雇主自行决定):
……
(b) 接受损害或有缺陷的工作,在这种情况下,雇主有权根据第20.2款[付款和/或竣工时间延长的索赔]的规定,有权获得:
(i) 承包商因完全弥补此项违约而支付的履约损害赔偿费性能损害赔偿金;或
(ii) 如果合同未规定性能保证资料表, 或没有适用的履约损害赔偿费性能损害赔偿金,则合同价格减少。扣减额应完全弥补此项违约,并以适当金额弥补因此项违约给雇主造成的扣减价值;
【宋律师评注】同上注,该款中的Performance Damages是指性能损害赔偿金,而不是履约损害赔偿费。
12.4 If:
(a) the Works, or a Section, fail to pass any or all of the Tests after Completion; and
(b) applicable Performance Damages are set out in the Schedule of Performance Guarantees
the Employer shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.2 [Claims For Payment and/or EOT] to payment of these Performance Damages by the Contractor in full satisfaction of this failure. If the Contractor pays these Performance Damages to the Employer during the DNP, then the Works or Section shall be deemed to have passed these Tests after Completion.
如果:
(a) 工程或分项工程未能通过任何或所有竣工后试验;(以及)
(b) 履约保函资料表性能保证附表中规定了适用的履约损害赔偿费性能损害赔偿金。
雇主有权根据第20.2款[付款和/或竣工时间延长的索赔], 要求承包商支付这些履约损害赔偿费性能损害赔偿金,以完全弥补此项未通过。如果承包商在缺陷通知期限内向雇主支付这些履约损害赔偿费性能损害赔偿金,则工程或分项工程应视为已通过竣工后试验。
【宋律师评注】该款中的Performance Guarantees是指性能保证值,而不是履约保函。性能保证值是业主在招标文件中设置的重要性能指标要求,通常做一个性能保证值附件列为一个重要的合同附件,即Schedule of Performance Guarantees(性能保证值附表)。相应地,该款中的Performance Damages是指承包商未能实现性能保证值时需向业主支付的性能损害赔偿金。
13.1 The Contractor shall be bound by each Variation instructed under Sub-Clause 13.3.1 [Variation by Instruction], and shall execute the Variation with due expedition and without delay, unless the Contractor promptly gives a Notice to the Employer stating (with detailed supporting particulars) that:
…
(d) it will have an adverse impact on the achievement of the Schedule of Performance Guarantees;
承包商应遵守根据第13.3.1项[指示变更]的规定,指示每项变更,并应尽快毫不延误地执行变更,除非承包商迅速向雇主发出通知,说明(附详细证明资料):
……
(d) 这将对履约保函资料表性能保证附表的实现产生不利影响;
【宋律师评注】同上,该款中的Performance Guarantees是指性能保证值,翻译为履约保函完全是概念错误。相应地, Schedule of Performance Guarantees为性能保证附表。
14.2.2 The Employer shall make the advance payment within 14 days after:
the Employer has received both the Performance Security and the Advance Payment Guarantee, in the form and issued by an entity in accordance with Sub-Clause 4.2.1 [Contractor's Obligations] and Sub-Clause 14.2.1 [Advance Payment Guarantee] respectively;
雇主应在下列情况发生后14天内支付预付款:
(a) 雇主已收到履约安全履约担保和预付款保函,其格式和签发的实体均符合第4.2.1项[承包商的义务]和第14.2.1项[预付款保函] 的规定;
【宋律师评注】履约保函和预付款保函是国际工程实践中承包商需向业主提交的两大保函,该款中的Performance Security为履约担保——翻译为履约安全完全是概念不通、文不对题。
14.8 If the Contractor does not receive payment in accordance with Sub-Clause 14.7 [Payment], the Contractor shall be entitled to receive financing charges compounded monthly on the amount unpaid during the period of delay.
Unless otherwise stated in the Contract Data, these financing charges shall be calculated at the annual rate of three percent (3%) above:
(a)the average bank short-term lending rate to prime borrowers prevailing for the currency of payment at the place for payment, or
(b) where no such rate exists at that place, the same rate in the country of the currency of payment, or
(c) in the absence of such a rate at either place, the appropriate rate fixed by the law of the country of the currency of payment.
如果承包商没有收到按照第14.7款[付款]规定的付款,承包商应有权就未付款额按月计算复利,收取延误期的融资费用。
除非合同数据中另有规定,上述融资费用应根据下述利率加以3%的年利率进行计算:
(a) 支付地支付币种对主要借款人适用的平均银行短期贷款利率,以付款地点的付款货币为准;(或)
(b) 如果在该地没有这样的汇率利率,与付款货币所在国的汇率相同则为支付币种所属国的同一利率;(或)
(c) 如果在任何地方上述两地都没有这样的汇率利率,由付款货币所在国法律规定的适当汇率则为支付币种所属国法律确定的适当利率。
【宋律师评注】该条规定了在业主迟延向承包商付款时,业主应向承包商支付的迟付利息。按照国际工程的一般实践,迟付利息的利率水平与承包商通常垫资融资成本一致,如向商业银行的短期贷款利率,其计算方式一般为“基准利率+一定基点”。在2017版FIDIC合同条件下,采用的是(a)(b)(c)三种利率之一+3%的计算方式。
该条的翻译完全没有搞懂迟付利息的构成理念,而且,该条也不涉及汇率问题,只是规定迟付利息的利率问题,翻译为汇率实是张冠李戴。
14.15 The Contract Price shall be paid in the currency or currencies named in the Contract Data. If more than one currency is so named, payments shall be made as follows:
…
(d) payment of Performance Damages shall be made in the currencies and proportions specified in the Schedule of Performance Guarantees;
合同价格应按合同数据中规定的货币或几种货币支付。如果规定了一种以上货币, 应按以下办法支付:
……
(d) 履约损害赔偿费性能损害赔偿金的支付应按性能保证资料表中规定的货币和比例;
【宋律师评注】如上所述,该款规定的Performance Damages是指性能损害赔偿金,而不是履约损害赔偿金,中文译文并未表达出Performance Damages的含义,属于概念错误。
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