Retrofitting buildings | 老房改造的附加值

丹麦半岛东岸港口城市奥尔胡斯的市郊，有一座建于20世纪60年代的小型独栋住宅。房屋的建筑功能借鉴了当地传统，使用了黄色砖墙、大面积玻璃窗和带屋檐的山墙屋顶。

丹麦当年为新兴中产阶层兴建大型预制构件住宅，帮助二战后出生的一代人在郊区建造属于自己的住宅，这座建筑就是其中最早开工建设的住宅之一。这类房屋被视为普通建筑，没有作为遗产得到保护。

随着新一代业主的到来，许多房屋都进行了大规模翻修，原有特色荡然无存。新业主翻修房屋是为了实现能源优化。

丹麦CJ建筑师事务所一反扩大家庭住宅面积的普遍趋势，建议拆除近年来扩建的18平方米的外延部分，恢复原有的平面布局和外立面。对建筑进行隔温处理，用节能窗替代旧窗户，保留原有的建筑细节，并且尽可能重新利用。在修缮旧房时做减法而不是加法，实现了住宅优化，不仅改善了室内气候，还降低了能耗。

“建筑构造学认为，一个地方的特点与建筑材料和施工方法同样重要”

这是将建筑构造学理论应用于翻新和修复工作的一个实例。建筑构造学方法从建筑物的结构设计入手，同时考虑到建筑的物质和非物质层面，认为房屋的建筑风格和历史对社会、集体记忆和日常生活产生了重要的贡献。分析和理解建筑物的历史内涵，可以帮助建筑师根据最初的构造原理和文化含义对其进行改造。

2023年7月，国际建筑师协会2023年世界建筑师大会在丹麦哥本哈根闭幕。会议提出了“哥本哈根经验”，其中包括为了实现17项联合国可持续发展目标，建筑环境必须遵循的十项原则。其中，经验三指出“必须首先重新利用原有的建筑结构”。这项原则对标政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）关于西方国家有潜力通过改造原有建筑来缓解气候危机的报告。

适应性再利用、翻新、重建和再建，它们为拆除无法满足当代需求的原有建筑提供了多种替代方案。经过几十年的快速拆除和建设，随着变革性新技术的出现以及世界各国对环境紧迫性的认识，遗产实践的倡导者在众多论据中找到了支持。

成本高昂的策略

法国在过去20年里拆除了大约15万套住房，目的是用当代建筑取代早已老旧的现代派建筑。这是一项成本高昂的策略，并且对环境造成了严重影响。相比之下，改善原有的建筑可以带来显著的环境惠益和经济效益。法国波尔多“大花园”住宅楼改造工程生动地诠释了如何通过分析原有结构、存在问题、原始目的和大楼住户来实现适应性再利用。

“改善原有的建筑可以带来

显著的环境惠益和经济效益”

“大花园”大众住宅楼是一座典型的20世纪建筑，这种钢筋混凝土大楼曾经大规模兴建，如今却被斥为社会难题。当初修建这些现代风格的公寓楼是为了解决二战后的住房短缺问题。但遗憾的是，当时的建筑技术给室内气候和建筑的可持续性造成了许多负面影响，导致这些住宅区普遍承受社会压力，并且遭人白眼。

负责这个项目的建筑师制定了一项策略，出发点是尊重大楼的居民们对这座被他人忽视的建筑的理解。在大楼的南立面增建了大面积的阳台（又称“冬季花园”），还配备了推拉门和反光隔温窗帘，由此扩大了每间公寓的客厅面积。对北立面进行了隔温处理，提高现有结构的能效。

这个项目在分析现有结构、存在问题、原始目的和社区居民的基础上，采用被动式节能方法和现代技术，实现了适应性再利用。这种做法在利用结构优势的同时改善了建筑性能，推高了房产价值。

重建历史

另一个例子是德国首都柏林的和解教堂。教堂建于2000年，是一处大型纪念建筑群的一部分。这里原本有一座始建于19世纪的小教堂，当柏林墙竖起来时，它恰好位于东西方交界处。这座教堂一直处于闲置状态，直到1985年被拆除。柏林墙轰然倒塌时，教堂也只剩下了一堆瓦砾。

柏林人渴望重建一座统一的城市，他们的做法是竭尽所能地清除昔日分裂留下的一切痕迹。不过，教区决定将这些瓦砾重新派上用场，于是在原址重建了一座夯土教堂，利用旧教堂的破碎红砖作为夯土建筑的沙石骨料。通过这种方式，教区有意识地利用新建筑的构造恢复了对历史的主导权，讲述了一段关于社会创伤的晦涩故事。

上述建筑改造实例都有一个共同点，即，在建筑构造的基础上进行初步评估，将设计、材料、施工方法、结构逻辑与地域归属感、使命感和认同感联系起来。这种做法更具可持续性，而且建筑师还能因此提高建筑物及其所在社区的有形价值和无形价值。

由此可见，在改造一座建筑时可以遵循其原有的建筑原理和多重文化内涵，这种方法能够彰显建筑对社会、集体记忆和日常生活的重要贡献。

 © 菲利普·鲁奥特  增建“冬季花园”和阳台后，每间公寓都有了更充足的光线，客厅面积也由此此扩大，可以在此欣赏法国波尔多的城市全景。

Retrofitting existing buildings: the added value

Repurposing an old building is always more sustainable than demolishing it. Using a tectonic approach to architecture allows buildings to be rehabilitated in a way that respects their original structure, while improving their energy performance and meeting the needs of their occupants.

Natalie Mossin 

On the outskirts of Aarhus, a port city on the east coast of the Danish peninsula, lies a small single-family house from the 1960’s. Its architectural features draw on a local functional tradition, defined by yellow brick walls, large areas of glazing and a gable roof with eaves. The building was among the first big-scale prefabricated housing produced in Denmark for the rising middle-class, serving a post-Second World War generation who built and owned their own houses in the suburbs. Perceived as ordinary, their typology has not been subjected to heritage protection.

As the houses welcome a new generation of owners, many of them are extensively renovated and gutted of their original features. In this case, the new owners of the house wanted energy optimization. CJ Arkitekter, a Danish company, suggested removing a recent 18-square-metre extension and restoring the original floor plan and facades, contradicting a general tendency of adding more square metres to family houses. The building was insulated, old windows were replaced with energy efficient ones, and original details were preserved or repurposed when possible. Restoring the original architecture by subtraction, rather than addition, resulted in an optimized home with a better indoor climate and lower energy consumption.

According to the tectonic approach, the identity of a place is as important as materials and construction methods

This is an example of the application of the theoretical field of tectonics in renovation and restoration. A tectonic approach begins with the structural design of a building but takes into account its material and immaterial dimensions as well. A building’s architecture and history are seen as a meaningful contribution to society, collective memory and everyday life. Analyzing and understanding the historic intentions of a building enables architects to transform it in accordance with its original constructional principles and its layers of cultural meaning. 

A call for change

In July 2023 in Copenhagen, Denmark, the UIA World Congress of Architects concluded with the presentation of the “Copenhagen Lessons” consisting of ten principles of conduct needed for the built environment to reach for the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Among them, lesson three states that “existing built structures must always be reused first”. This principle aligns with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report on the climate crisis mitigation potential of retrofitting existing buildings in the western world.

Adaptive reuse, renovation and reconstruction as well as rebuilding offer broad fields of alternatives to the demolishing of existing buildings that fail to deliver to current needs. After decades marked by a rapid rate of demolition and construction, the emergence of transformative new technologies and global reckoning with environmental urgency, proponents of heritage practice are backed by a number of arguments. 

A costly strategy

In July 2023 in Copenhagen, Denmark, the UIA World Congress of Architects concluded with the presentation of the “Copenhagen Lessons” consisting of ten principles of conduct needed for the built environment to reach for the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Among them, lesson three states that “existing built structures must always be reused first”. This principle aligns with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report on the climate crisis mitigation potential of retrofitting existing buildings in the western world.

Adaptive reuse, renovation and reconstruction as well as rebuilding offer broad fields of alternatives to the demolishing of existing buildings that fail to deliver to current needs. After decades marked by a rapid rate of demolition and construction, the emergence of transformative new technologies and global reckoning with environmental urgency, proponents of heritage practice are backed by a number of arguments. 

“Transmitting knowledge to local populations helps reduce their dependence on charity and dole-outs”

Beyond providing decent housing for disaster victims, Lari aims to create a virtuous circle. One example is the zero-waste system she has developed in Pono, a village in Sindh’s district of Tando Allah Yar. The villagers have built energy-efficient mud stoves, a shared toilet between two families, a solar panel between twelve households and a hand pump between eight families, all built within a budget of 43,000 Pakistani Rupees (US$150.85). “They have started growing their own vegetables. They are keeping chickens. The waste from the toilet is turned into compost.”

Rebuilding history

Another example comes from the German capital of Berlin, where the Kapelle der Versöhnung was built in 2000 as part of a larger memorial complex. The chapel narrates the history of a 19th-century church that was situated in the borderland between east and west when the Berlin Wall was raised. It stood unused until 1985 when it was demolished. When the Wall fell, only rubble remained. 

Longing to rebuild a united city, the modus operandi of the Berliners was to remove as much evidence as possible of the division of Berlin, but the parish decided to reuse the rubble. A rammed earth chapel was rebuilt on the site. Red brick rubble from the old church was used as an aggregate for the earth construction. In this way, the parish was able to deliberately use the tectonics of the new building to take back the ownership of history and narrate the complex story of a societal trauma.

These examples of retrofitting have in common that the initial assessment was based on the tectonics of the building by linking design, materials, construction methods and structural logic with a sense of place, purpose and identity. Not only is this approach more sustainable, but it also enables architects to enhance the tangible and intangible values of a building and the community it is situated in. 

A building can thus be transformed in accordance with its original construction principles and its layers of cultural meaning. This approach has the power to bring out the meaningful contribution of a building to society, to the collective memory and to everyday life.

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