往期回顾｜《信使》中的现代体育

“我们应该看到体育是社会的一个缩影，联合国教科文组织体育运动部门（the Unit for Physical Education and Sport in UNESCO）的保罗·马里奥特-劳埃德（Paul Marriott-Lloyd）说，“正如在社会中，好事坏事都会发生，体育也是如此。唯一区别在于，体坛的一举一动都是呈现在大众的电视机屏幕和全球报纸的封底上的。” 

职业体育和成功的运动员令我们着迷。奥运会或世界杯期间，各国人民都坐在电视机前观看比赛。数以百万的年轻人梦想着有一天，能够追赶上他们所崇拜的体育英雄。

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但对胜利不惜一切的渴望也可能使他们堕入兴奋剂的深渊。泰勒·霍顿（Taylor Hou-ton）使用合成代谢类固醇最早是由于看到他的高中同学在使用本类药物，他错误地认为，能够提高成绩的药物是通往胜利的关键。

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运动员们使用提高成绩的药物和方法背后有很多原因。这一现象可以看作是竞技体育环境下的产物，亦是对体育道德的无情侵蚀。“在高水平的体育竞技中，‘金钱与名利’无所不在。”保罗·马里奥特-劳埃德 （Paul Marriott-Lloyd）解释道，“而这就造成了一些人对待比赛的不同态度。遗憾的是，人们可能会因不当激励而去作弊。各类项目的精英运动员亦沦为相同诱惑的受害者。”

王佳宁 张卓然 译 胡鹏 校 中国政法大学

—— "Wining at Any Cost?"

via Sports, Wining at Any Cost? (Sep. 2006) 

在古希腊人、或现代体育奠基人皮埃尔顾拜旦看来，当下用物质奖励体育成功的做法，和体育的益处毫不相干。

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体育冠军们就陷入了这样一个尴尬的境地：一方面，他们是否要用药物或兴奋剂来提高成绩；另一方面，他们是否能容忍对手使用药物或兴奋剂而获得超越他们的优势。

赞同兴奋剂使用的人们提出了很多辩护理由。他们要么认为，相比于训练对运动员身体造成不可逆的甚至是致命的损伤，服用药物的后果显得不是那么严重；要么说，服用药物来治疗和服用药物来提高成绩两者之间本身就无清晰的界限。这些理由没有一个是站得住脚的，都是为了能轻易搪塞所涉及的伦理层面问题。

服用兴奋剂和其他任何通过欺诈来提高人的身体潜能的勾当一样，都与体育的根本精神背道而驰，因为这剥夺了运动员通过自身努力突破自我的机会，违背了体育竞技的原则。这也会侵蚀运动员的道德和身体，打破他们平衡的心态，摧毁他们的社会形象。同时，这种行为也玷污了体育，使体育事业乌烟瘴气。

夏佳龙 译 徐雪英 校 浙江大学

—— "Doping - A Shadow Over Sport"

via The Competitive World of Sport (Dec. 1992)

“我为何要复兴奥林匹克运动?” 顾拜旦说，“是为了赋予体育以尊严和活力，使其独立和持久，从而更好地发挥它在当今世界的教育作用；是为了表彰运动员，因为他们激励人们进行体育锻炼，并赞扬那些促进良性竞争的壮举。”

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体育运动实际上代表着骑士精神，蕴含着荣誉、道德和美学准则，向各阶层和各民族敞开大门，让世界各个国家和民族和睦相处，团结友爱。

体育运动是一种休战。在科技高速发展的今天，我们终日奔波劳碌，我们只是自己所拥有的奴隶而已，除了所赚的钱以外我们一无所有。而体育却是一种神圣的娱乐，是丰富我们闲暇时光的慷慨赐予。这个时代，充满对抗和冲突，人们被权力和自负驱动，而以尊重和友谊结束的公平竞争是诸神之休憩。

体育运动也是教育，是最具象、最真实的教育——品格教育。之所以说体育是知识，是因为只有通过耐心学习和自我启示，运动员才能越来越强大。

体育运动亦是一种文化。它记录着时间和空间上短暂的移动轨迹，如柏拉图所说，体育是为了纯粹的快乐，以深刻的内涵诠释了不同民族和人类自身本质的、最深刻和最广泛的价值观。体育是一种文化，因为它创造了美，尤其是为那些很少有机会享受它的人创造了美。

顾晋 译 徐雪英 校 浙江大学

—— "Sport Is Education"

via Fair Play And the Amateur in Sport (Jan. 1964) 

在体育运动领域，联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）着力推进的活动如下：

（1）联合国教科文组织向涉及体育体制与规范的政府间组织提供支持。1978年，联合国教科文组织大会通过了一项国际宪章，并成立了体育教育与运动政府间委员会（CIGEPS）

（2）为缩小各国在体育教育和运动领域的差距，联合国教科文组织与非政府组织，特别是联合国教科文组织与体育科学与体育教育国际委员会（ICSSPE）持续合作开展了各项活动。其目的是：

•  积极鼓励在校的和非正规教育方案框架内的儿童和青少年参与体育教育和运动；

•  促进全民体育；

• 在国家、区域和国际范围内培训体育教育工作者；

• 每年组织国际体育周活动，使之成为更具广泛性和系统性的“全民健身（Fitness for Everybody）”计划的一部分；

•  创建专门机构，促进体育科学的发展与信息的国际交流。

（3）策划相关活动，捍卫体育的伦理价值，如：竞争的公平性、自我实现的和谐性、超越自我的渴望、团结、团队精神、自我牺牲、忠诚、慷慨、尊重规则、尊重对手、制止攻击和暴力

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韩曜徽 译 徐雪英 校 浙江大学

—— "UNESCO And Sport"

via The Competitive World of Sport (Dec. 1992)

“We should see sport is a microcosm of society,” says Paul Marriott-Lloyd of the Unit for Physical Education and Sport in UNESCO. “Like in society, good things happen and bad things happen in sport. The only difference is that every move is played out on our television screens or on the back pages of newspapers around the world.” We are fascinated by professional sports and successful athletes. Entire nations sit glued to their television sets during the Olympic Games or a World Cup tournament. 

Millions of young people dream of one day emulating their sporting heroes. 

[...] But the need to win at any cost can also lead to doping. Taylor Houton turned to anabolic steroids because he saw his high school classmates using them and thought that performance enhancing drugs were the key to victory. 

[...] There are a number of reasons why athletes use performance enhancing drugs and methods. It can be considered a product of the competitive sporting environment and an erosion of sporting ethics. “There is a lot of money, ‘fame and fortune’, in high-level sport,” Paul Marriott-Lloyd explains. “And that shapes how some people approach the game. Unfortunately there can be a perverse incentive for people to cheat. Elite athletes in a variety of sports fall victim to the same temptation.

—— "Wining at Any Cost?"

via Sports, Wining at Any Cost? (Sep. 2006) 

Sporting success now offers material rewards that bear no relation to the benefits of sports as visualized by the Ancient Greeks or by those who, with Pierre de Coubertin, laid the foundations of modern sport.

 [...] Sporting champions, then, are faced with the awkward dilemma of whether to use drugs or other stimulants to improve their performance or whether to abstain and accept that their opponents who do use them will have the edge over them. 

The advocates of doping use a battery of arguments. They claim that the consequences of drug-taking are less serious than the irreversible and sometimes even mortal injuries caused by the practice of sport itself, or that there is no difference between taking drugs to cure illness and using them to improve performance in sport. None of these arguments is very convincing. All of them conveniently gloss over the ethical dimension of the problem. 

Doping, like any other fraudulent practice that purports to give an artificial boost to people’s physical potential, runs counter to the very nation of sport, since it denies athletes a chance to excel through their own unaided endeavours. By giving an unfair advantage to one competitor over the others, it violates the elementary rules of competitive sport. It corrupts athletes morally and physically, undermines their mental balance and the image society has of them. It sullies the image of sport and casts a shadow over sporting events.

—— "Doping - A Shadow Over Sport"

via The Competitive World of Sport (Dec. 1992)

“Why did I revive the Olympic Games?” said Coubertin. “To dignify and invigorate sport, to make it independent and durable and thus better fitted for its educational role in the world today; to honour the individual athlete because of his real value to the community as a stimulus to physical exercise and to exalt feats that encourage a healthy competitive spirit.” 

[...]Sport is indeed an order of chivalry, combining honour and a code of ethics and aesthetics, recruiting its members from all classes and all peoples, mingling them in concord and friendship throughout the length and breadth of the entire world. 

Sport is also a truce. In our technological way of life, ruled by an inexorable law of toil, in which we are only what we have, and have only what we earn, sport is the hallowed pastime, a princely gift to enrich our hours of leisure. In an era of antagonisms and conflicts, dominated by the drive for power and by pride, it is the respite of the gods in which fair competition ends in respect and friendship. 

Sport, too, is education, the most concrete and the truest kind of education-that of character. Sport is knowledge because it is only by patient study and self-revelation that a sportsman can go from strength to strength. 

Sport is culture because the transient movements it traces in time and space - for nothing but the sheer pleasure of doing so, as Plato has it - illuminate with dramatic meaning the essential and therefore the deepest and widest values of different peoples and of the human race itself; it is culture, too, because it creates beauty, and above all for those who usually have the least opportunity to feast upon it.

—— "Sport Is Education"

via Fair Play And the Amateur in Sport (Jan. 1964) 

The broad thrust of UNESCO’s activities in the field of sport is as follows: 

(1) UNESCO supports intergovernmental machinery concerned with the institutional and normative aspects of sports. In 1978, UNESCO’s General Conference adopted an International Charter and created an Intergovernmental Committee for Physical Education and Sport [...] 

(2) In order to reduce disparities between countries in physical education and sport, various activities have been and continue to be carried out in co-operation with non-governmental organizations, and especially with the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education. The purpose of these activities is: 

    To encourage access to and participation in physical education and sports of children and adolescents in the school system and in the framework of non-formal education programmes; 

    To promote the practice of sport for all; 

    To train educators at the national, regional and international levels; 

    To organize annual international physical activity weeks which may form part of a broader and more systematic programme entitled Fitness for Everybody; 

    To encourage the development of research in sport science and the international exchange of information through the creation of specialized facilities. 

（3) A third range of activities is designed to safeguard and protect the ethical values of sport: fair play, harmonious self-fulfilment, the desire to surpass oneself, solidarity, team spirit, self-sacrifice, loyalty, generosity, respect for the rules and for one’s adversaries, mastery of aggression and violence [...]

—— "UNESCO And Sport"

via The Competitive World of Sport (Dec. 1992)