当被问及自己最喜欢新房子的哪一点时，22岁的黛薇（Devi）说：“我再也不用担心屋顶漏水了！”2022年，一场暴雨席卷了距离港口城市卡拉奇大约200公里的信德省Akhund Jo Khoo村，致使黛薇和大多数村民痛失所有家产。
黛薇和她的两个儿子（一个七岁，一个八岁）在一顶破旧的帐篷里住了将近一年，前不久刚刚搬进一栋新的chaunra（当地沙漠地区的传统一居室房屋）。黛薇并不是唯一一个搬进新家的人，巴基斯坦社会企业Sadqa Pakistan公司在她所在的村子里已经修建了70多栋住宅。
2022年6月至9月间，巴基斯坦经历了有史以来破坏性最强的季风，三分之一的国土被洪水淹没，受灾人口3300万。据政府开展的灾后需求评估（PDNA）估算，损失共计149亿美元，经济损失约152亿美元。
受灾最严重的信德省原有居民5000万，多达200万栋房屋受损，其中75%是泥坯房。
© 佐芬·T. 易卜拉欣 黛薇和她的两个儿子站在自己的屋子外面，这座房屋是由社会企业 Sadqa公司在巴基斯坦信德省 Akhund Jo Khoo 村修建的住宅。
黛薇的新家和当初的老房子一样，也是用泥土和竹子搭建的，不过新居比旧屋要坚固得多。这些房屋出自世界知名建筑师亚斯明·拉里之手，她将本土知识与科学、工程学结合起来，建造出了能够抵御洪水的房子。
房屋采用高架结构，在洪水泛滥时可以防止水流进入室内。建筑用的竹材经过特殊处理，可以防白蚁，筑墙用的泥土中添加了石灰和稻壳，以起到加固的作用。屋顶是竹制的，上面铺一层芦苇席，再垫上几层茅草，这样可以让空气流通，保持室内凉爽。高耸的圆锥形屋顶还可以防止雨水渗入室内。
拉里还开发了用泥浆和石灰泥制成的炉灶，以消除明火烹饪给健康和环境造成的不良影响。她推出的这种生态替代品使用牛粪或锯末砖等农业废弃物作为燃料，大大减少了木柴消耗。
“这些房子经受得住狂风、暴雨和地震”
这位已届耄耋之年的建筑师说：“这些房子经受得住狂风、暴雨和地震。”她创立的巴基斯坦遗产基金会二十年来始终致力于开发人性化建筑，通过建造抗灾房屋来缓解气候变化产生的影响。2022年以来，这家基金会已经建造了多达10000 套住房。
© 佐芬·T. 易卜拉欣 （左）在巴基斯坦的 Bhoriyoon 村，一个年轻的工匠正在学习建造 chaunra（一居室房屋）的圆锥形屋顶。（右）图为 chaunra 的八角形屋顶的内部视图，它是由竹子和茅草制成的。
零废弃物村庄
要对这些房屋进行维修或是更换也很容易。假如住户决定搬家，可以轻轻松松地将建筑材料运走，然后重复使用。卡拉奇的独立建筑师希拉·祖贝里（Hira Zuberi）说：“最重要的是，亚斯明·拉里让农村社区参与了这个建设过程，村民于是有了当家作主的感觉。”
不过，为穷人建造房屋还不足以帮助他们摆脱贫困的漩涡。拉里强调说：“生活在社会边缘的这些人蕴含着巨大的潜力。他们一旦接受了培训，就掌握了经济能力。”拉里的目标是减少穷人对于慈善救济的依赖。
“向当地民众传授知识，有助于减少他们对于慈善救济金的依赖”
除了为灾民提供体面的住房，拉里还致力于打造良性循环。她在信德省坦杜阿拉亚地区的波诺村开发的零废弃物系统就是其中一个实例。村民们建起了节能泥制炉灶，每两户人家共用一间卫生间，每12户人家安装一块太阳能电池板，每八户人家共用一个手摇泵，所有这些设施的预算总额不超过43000巴基斯坦卢比（合150.85美元）。“他们已经开始自己种菜，自己养鸡，还将卫生间里的废弃物制成了堆肥。”
除了为灾民提供体面的住房，拉里还致力于打造良性循环。她在信德省坦杜阿拉亚地区的波诺村开发的零废弃物系统就是其中一个实例。村民们建起了节能泥制炉灶，每两户人家共用一间卫生间，每12户人家安装一块太阳能电池板，每八户人家共用一个手摇泵，所有这些设施的预算总额不超过43000巴基斯坦卢比（合150.85美元）。“他们已经开始自己种菜，自己养鸡，还将卫生间里的废弃物制成了堆肥。”
一千座新居
Sadqa Pakistan公司的创始人阿萨德·阿里（Asad Ali）博士说：“我们想为无家可归的村民提供住所，于是开始四处寻找低成本的住宅设计方案。拉里的设计不仅最便宜，还最漂亮。”阿里是卡拉奇阿迦汗大学医院的儿科医生和传染病专家，多年来致力于解决默蒂亚里地区农村社区的慢性营养不良问题。
到目前为止，这家企业已在大约35个村子里建造了550套住房，到2023年底还将再建成60套。Sadqa Pakistan公司还提供三户家庭共用的卫生间和仿照拉里的设计生产的节能炉灶。
项目资金来自捐款，不过居民们也参与了这项工程。黛薇为工人们找来了村里的泥土，好让他们搅拌灰泥。黛薇将这种灰泥涂抹在用草席搭建的墙壁上。志愿者乌姆拉尼（Umrani）博士解释说：“房屋结构建好之后，业主会帮忙在外墙和内墙上涂抹灰泥。”
© 佐芬·T. 易卜拉欣 亚斯明·拉里设计了由泥浆和石灰泥制成的炉灶，这种炉灶对环境和健康造成的危害比明火炉灶的危害小。
当地培训
培训在这类项目中起到了重要作用。Sadqa Pakistan公司正在效仿拉里的模式，在当地开展培训活动，借机传授知识。18岁的学生贾曼·拉伊（Jaman Rai）与另外五名男子结伴前往特达市，在位于马克里的巴基斯坦遗产基金会培训中心接受了为期五天的实践培训。他们返乡之后，在Bhoriyoon村建起了自己的培训中心。拉伊说：“多米诺效应开始显现了，我们培训了近50人，他们当中有些人已经开始自己创业了。”
拉伊现在已是一名资深培训师，每月可以挣到30000卢比（合105 美元），过上了体面的生活。他在接受培训后建造的第一栋房子就是他自己的住房，他原来的家已经被洪水冲毁了。拉伊已经建造了将近60栋房屋，他坚信这些房子即便遭遇最强烈的狂风暴雨也能安然如山。
Bamboo houses mitigate the effects of climate change in Pakistan
In 2022, heavy monsoon rainfall left a large part of the population homeless in southern Pakistan. Yasmeen Lari, a world-renowned architect, has designed new houses that are flood- and earthquake-resistant while still incorporating traditional bamboo and mud construction techniques.
Zofeen T. Ebrahim
Pakistani journalist
“No more leaky roofs for me,” remarks 22-year-old Devi when asked what she liked best about her new house. Like most of the inhabitants of the village of Akhund Jo Khoo situated in Sindh province, some 200 kilometres from the port city of Karachi, Devi lost everything in 2022 in the torrential rains that swept through the region.
Having lived under a tattered tent with her two sons, aged seven and eight, for almost a year, she recently moved into a new chaunra, a traditional one-roomed house of this desert region. She is not alone. Sadqa Pakistan, a Pakistani social enterprise has built more than 70 homes in her village.
Pakistan witnessed its most devastating monsoons between June and September 2022, resulting in floods that submerged a third of the country and affected 33 million people. The Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) carried out by the government estimated the total damage at US$14.9 billion, and economic losses at about US$15.2 billion.
In the hardest-hit province of Sindh, home to 50 million residents, up to two million houses were damaged, 75 per cent of which were mud houses.
Zero-waste village
These homes are also easy to repair and replace. Their materials can be easily transported and reused if a household decides to move. “Most importantly, Yasmeen Lari is involving the rural communities in the process so there is a sense of ownership,” says Hira Zuberi, a Karachi-based independent architect.
But building homes for the poor is not enough to take them out of the vortex of poverty. “There is a huge potential among the people living on the margins. When they get trained, they become economically empowered,” Lari stresses. Her aim is to reduce dependence on charity and dole-outs.
“Transmitting knowledge to local populations helps reduce their dependence on charity and dole-outs”
Beyond providing decent housing for disaster victims, Lari aims to create a virtuous circle. One example is the zero-waste system she has developed in Pono, a village in Sindh’s district of Tando Allah Yar. The villagers have built energy-efficient mud stoves, a shared toilet between two families, a solar panel between twelve households and a hand pump between eight families, all built within a budget of 43,000 Pakistani Rupees (US$150.85). “They have started growing their own vegetables. They are keeping chickens. The waste from the toilet is turned into compost.”
A thousand new homes
“We wanted to provide shelter for the homeless villagers, so we started looking up low-cost housing designs. Lari’s was not only the cheapest, it was also the nicest,” Dr Asad Ali, the founder of Sadqa Pakistan, says. A pediatrician and infectious disease specialist at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, he has been working on solving chronic malnutrition among rural communities in Matiari.
So far, 550 homes have been built in nearly 35 villages by the enterprise, with another 60 to be built by the end of 2023. Sadqa Pakistan also provides a washroom to be shared between three households and energy-efficient stoves modeled after Lari’s.
Although the project is funded by donations, the residents participate in the process. Devi provided the workers with earth from within the village for them to mix the plaster. With that plaster she coated the walls made of straw matting. “Once the structure is put up, the homeowners help plaster the exterior and interior walls,” explains Dr Umrani, a volunteer.
Local training
Training plays a key role in such projects. Sadqa Pakistan is following Lari’s pattern of imparting knowledge through a local training initiative. Jaman Rai, an 18-year-old student, was among the six men who went to Thatta to get a five-day, hands-on training at Lari’s Heritage Foundation of Pakistan’s training centre at Makli. After their return, they set up their own training centre in the village of Bhoriyoon. “A domino effect has started,” says Rai. “We have trained nearly five dozen men and several of them have set up their own practice.”
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