1. 生成式设计
人工智能（AI）辅助的生成式设计是指在建筑设计中使用算法生成多种设计方案的做法。对建筑师来说，这意味着人工智能成为设计工作中的合作伙伴，能够快速评估各种建筑设计是否美观实用。在设置某些参数（例如，最大限度地利用自然光线、增强气流，或是尽可能减少材料的使用）的情况下，这些算法可以提出更具可持续性的解决方案。人工智能可以成为建筑师的重要工具，但前提是建筑师必须具备扎实的决策技能，不能被人工智能提供的众多可选方案弄得不知所措。
2. 采光和热力建模
经过缜密分析的采光办法可以大幅降低耗电量。多种工具和软件可以帮助建筑师利用自然光线，利用自然光线也有利于住户的健康，并且可以减少高峰时的电力需求，尤其是在炎热的夏季。从确定墙壁的位置到选择不同类型的窗户，目的都在于优化建筑对自然光线的利用。
© UNStudio 荷兰格罗宁根一幢行政大楼内的日光重新定向装置。
3. 3D打印和机器人技术
2017年，由加泰罗尼亚高级建筑研究院打造的首座3D打印步行桥在西班牙的阿尔科文达斯轰动一时。自动化技术为人们尝试新材料、新美学和新形式创造了机会。3D打印建筑经济实惠、灵活机动，且具有很强的气候适应性。3D打印技术目前仍然普遍依赖碳密集型混凝土材料，不过将3D打印引入建筑领域，有望减少40%的材料消耗。此外，这项技术还可以满足快速城市化建设的需求。例如，总部位于丹麦的Power2Build公司在2022年仅用30个小时就在安哥拉建成了非洲体积最大的3D打印建筑——一幢140平方米的住宅。
4. 利用数字孪生建筑模拟现实
数字孪生建筑是实体建筑的3D可视化复制品。有了它，建筑师便拥有了不断发展变化的模型，可以在虚拟环境中测试自己的想法。数字孪生建筑可以将数字模型与实体建筑进行长期比较。这项技术还可以协助人们选择建筑材料和工艺，从而在建筑物的生命周期内减少碳排放。这一技术本身确实需要消耗大量能源，但应用这项技术可以大幅减少建筑物的能耗。例如，荷兰建筑师利用数字孪生建筑，将海牙市政厅的能耗降低了39%。
© ICON公司和Lennar公司 目前，世界上最大的自动化 3D 建筑项目正在美国乔治城实施。这是一个由100 栋房屋组成的街区。
5. 模块化建筑
“批量建造”又称“模块化建筑”，可以极大地缩短施工时间和避免失误，从而减少材料的过度消耗和浪费。这种技术借助数字工具和建模方法，在工厂制造已完工或部分完工的零部件。施工过程可能会快得令人难以置信。2015年，在中国长沙，人们仅用19天就建成了一座57层高的摩天楼，一个个建筑构件犹如巨型乐高积木，在施工现场组装起来。
但模块化结构并不局限于大型建筑。位于印度德里的ModSkool学校使用当地建筑材料建造，目的是在发生洪水时能够快速拆卸和转移。
6. 新型环保建筑信息模型
建筑信息模型（BIM）从20世纪70年代开始投入应用。这是一种数字信息管理方法，目的是提高建筑和基础设施的质量。建筑信息模型软件可以将建筑物的特点以数字方式呈现出来，这让建筑行业的专业人员能够在项目启动之前，在数字环境中研究材料和设计的可持续性。
英国致力于建筑信息模型的标准化。在英国的大力推动下，2019年出台了国际标准ISO 19650，承认了在地方和全球都应实行严格标准和规范治理。建筑信息模型还具备“智能管理”功能，以阿姆斯特丹的Edge大楼为例，它被称为“世界上最智能的建筑”，用户可以借助一个智能手机应用程序实现与这座大楼的互动，包括：预留工作空间、控制灯光明暗，以及调节所在空间的温度。
© PLP建筑事务所/摄影：罗纳德·蒂勒曼（Ronald Tilleman） 阿姆斯特丹的 Edge 大楼，也被称为“带屋顶的计算机”，于 2015 年完工，配备了 28000 个传感器，可利用大楼用户生成的数据来优化空间管理和占用水平。
The archi-tech generation
From 3D-printed houses to prefabricated skyscrapers and the use of digital twins, cutting-edge technology holds promises for building at a lower cost and in a more sustainable manner.
Saili Sawantt
Journalist based in Mumbai, India
1. Generative design
Generative design, assisted by artificial intelligence (AI), refers to an approach in architecture where algorithms are used to generate multiple design alternatives. For architects, this means that AI becomes their partner in the design process, offering the ability to quickly evaluate various building layouts that are aesthetic and functional. By setting certain parameters like maximizing natural light, enhancing airflow, or minimizing material use, these algorithms can put forward more sustainable solutions. For architects, AI can be an invaluable tool, provided they possess solid decision-making skills to avoid being overwhelmed by the many possibilities it offers.
2. Daylighting and thermodynamic modelling
A well-analyzed daylighting strategy can significantly reduce electricity consumption. Various tools and software exist to help architects harness natural light, which benefits occupants’ health and reduces peak electricity demand, particularly during hot summers. From the positioning of the walls to the type of windows, the aim is to optimize the use of daylight in buildings.
3. 3D printing and robotics
In Alcobendas, Spain, the first-ever 3D-printed pedestrian bridge by The Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia made headlines in 2017. Automation opens up opportunities for experimenting with new materials, aesthetics and forms. 3D-printed buildings can be affordable, flexible, and climate-resilient. Although the technology still widely relies on carbon-intensive concrete, 40 per cent reduction in materials is among the promises of 3D-printing in construction. Moreover, the technology can cater to rapid urbanization. For instance, in 2022 Denmark-based company Power2Build completed Africa’s largest 3D-printed building in Angola, a 140 m2 residential structure, in just 30 hours.
4. Mimicking reality with a digital twin
A digital twin is a 3D visual replica of a physical building. It gives architects access to an evolving model, allowing them to test their ideas in the virtual environment. Digital twins can compare the digital model with the real structure over time. The technology also assists in choosing materials and processes that reduce the carbon footprint of the building over its lifecycle. Although this technology itself requires considerable amounts of energy, its use can reduce a building's energy usage by a significant percentage. For instance, by using a digital twin, Dutch architects were able to reduce the Hague City Hall’s energy consumption by 39 per cent.
5. Modular construction
“Building in batches”, or modular construction, reduces a significant amount of construction time and errors, bringing down over-consumption and wastage of materials. It involves manufacturing completed or partially completed parts in a factory with the help of digital tools and modelling methods. The process can be mind-blowingly fast. In 2015, a 57-storey skyscraper was constructed in a mere 19 days in Changsha, China, with giant LEGO-like blocks assembled at the site. But modular construction doesn’t have to be limited to huge structures. The ModSkool school in Delhi, India, made with indigenous materials, is designed to be rapidly dismantled and moved in the event of flooding.
6. The new, green BIM
Implemented since the 1970s, Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an approach for digital information management to improve building and infrastructure quality. BIM software offers digital representation of a building's characteristics. It enables professionals in the built realm to consider the sustainability of materials and design in the digital environment before taking the project live. The United Kingdom’s push for BIM standardization led, in 2019, to the introduction of the international ISO 19650 standard, recognizing the need for strict standards and governance locally and globally. BIM also offers “intelligent management” features. Take, for example, the Edge in Amsterdam, also known as the “smartest building in the world”. A smartphone application allows users to interact with the building: reserve workspaces, control light level, or adjust the temperature of the space they’re in.
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