© Sylvie Serprix
奴役史造就了现代世界，且仍对我们发挥着影响力。这一点明显体现于全球无处不在、有时甚至表现出系统性的种族主义顽疾，其中尤以针对非洲人后裔的种族主义为甚。这样的种族主义来源于不同的历史现象，而这些历史现象曾被用于证明非洲人“低等”这一谬论的合理性，在“启蒙运动”等时期便是如此。
此外，跨大西洋奴隶贸易在确立殖民大国经济主导地位的同时，极大破坏了非洲大陆的社会结构。这一现象与过去数百年来以殖民地奴隶制为基石的经济大幅增长现象因果相连，并导致为实现和平发展而做出的种种努力的复杂程度加深。为建设一个更具包容性的世界，需要理解并虑及这一遗留问题的重要性。
奴役史也是一部抵抗与创造史。被奴役的人们通过自身的抵抗彰显出人权的普遍性。这一群体还在逆境中创造了艺术遗产，发展了水稻种植、冶铁术等农业和技术知识，体现出其非凡的韧性。
联合国教科文组织“被奴役人民之路”项目*（2022年前称作“奴隶之路”项目）自1994年在贝宁和海地的牵头下成立以来，便对奴役的历史及其影响进行了分析。本期《信使》（Courier）杂志将列出其中一些较为突出的分析结果。在联合国教科文组织的倡导下，联合国于2001年承认跨大西洋贩奴贸易和奴役属于反人类罪。联合国教科文组织设立了“贩卖黑奴及其废除国际纪念日”*（8月23日），也是在向曾经被奴役的人们致敬，并纪念其留下的伟大遗产。
通过该项目，我们得以强调奴役的遗留问题，并在落实包容政策时提出关于创伤和记忆的问题。该项目还凭借联合国教科文组织“奴役和奴隶贸易相关历史与记忆场所网络”，通过推动有奴役相关历史的城市开展合作，促进相关科研并助力可持续生态旅游发展。
2024年是“被奴役人民之路”项目30周年，我们必须动员人们提高对奴役史的认识，衡量这段历史的重要性及其对于今日之话语和现实的不良影响。这将帮助我们建设更加包容公正、更尊重人民权利的社会。
联合国教科文组织社会及人文科学助理总干事
加布里埃拉·拉莫斯（Gabriela Ramos）
“被奴役人民之路”项目30周年
2024年，联合国教科文组织的“被奴役人民之路：抵抗、自由和遗产”项目迎来30周年纪念。该项目成立于1994年，承认奴隶制的悲惨历史及其对现代世界的影响，为以奴隶制、反抗奴隶制和废除奴隶制为主题的倡议提供支持。
如今，该项目还会宣传非洲人后商做出的贡献，并审视奴隶制造成的社会、文化和经济不平等现象。同时，各国可提议将一些地点列入联合国教科文组织的“与奴役和奴隶贸易有关的历史和记忆场所”网络，从而获取联合国教科文组织的技术援助和支持，为当地人口创造社会经济惠益。
为庆祝此次周年纪念，联合国教科文组织及其会员国与合作伙伴在全年内组织各项活动，动员各杜区，召集学者、知识分子、艺术家和公众人物，思考如何解决奴役给当前社会带来的挑战。这些活动包括在肯尼亚绘制奴役之路地图，在古巴介绍费尔南多·奥尔蒂斯(Femando Ortiz的著作——《黑人奴隶》(Los negros esclavos),以及在联合国教科文组织总部举办“海地、妇女、伏都教和海地革命”主题展览。
“被奴役人民之路”项目的档案目前也向公众开放。
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The deep legacy of slavery
The history of enslavement has shaped our modern world and still impacts us. This is evident in the pervasive, and sometimes systemic racism, that persists globally especially against Afro-descendants, and that stems from different historic phenomena that used to justify the myth of African "inferiority", including during the Enlightenment Period.
Moreover, the transatlantic slave trade, while establishing the economic dominance of colonial powers, profoundly disrupted societal structures on the African continent. This phenomenon, linked to the multiplication of colonial slavery-based economies in the past centuries, complicates efforts towards peaceful development. If we are to build a more inclusive world, we need to understand and take into account the weight of this legacy.
The history of enslavement is also one of resistance and creation. Through resistance, enslaved peoples affirmed the universality of human rights. Against all odds, they developed an artistic heritage and agricultural and technological knowledge, from rice cultivation to the mastering of iron, that bear witness to an extraordinary capacity for resilience.
The history and impact of enslavement, some of the salient aspects of which are presented in this issue of the Courier, have been analyzed by UNESCO’s Routes of Enslaved Peoples programme (referred to as the Slave Route project until 2022) since its creation in 1994 at the initiative of Benin and Haiti. UNESCO’s advocacy led to the United Nations’ acknowledgment of the transatlantic slave trade and enslavement as a crime against humanity in 2001. The establishment by UNESCO of an International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition (23 August) also pays tribute to enslaved peoples, honoring their legacies.
The programme has enabled us to highlight this heritage, and to raise the question of trauma and memory when implementing inclusion policies. Through the UNESCO Network of Places of History and Memory Linked to Enslavement and the Slave Trade, the programme also promotes research and contributes to the development of sustainable ecotourism through the cooperation of cities whose history is linked to enslavement.
As we celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of the Routes of Enslaved Peoples programme in 2024, we must mobilize to increase awareness of this history and measure its weight and repercussions in today's representations and reality. This will help build more inclusive societies that are fairer and more respectful of rights.
Gabriela Ramos
Editor in Chief
The Routes of Enslaved Peoples Programme turns 30
In 2024, UNESCO’s Routes of Enslaved Peoples: Resistance, Liberty and Heritage Programme is celebrating its 30th anniversary. Created in 1994, the programme recognizes the tragedy of the history of slavery and its influence on the modern world, supporting initiatives on the theme of slavery, resistance to it, and its abolition.
Today the programme also highlights the contributions of people of African descent as well as the heavy impact of this heritage on social, cultural and economic inequalities. Countries can also propose locations to be added to UNESCO’s Places of History and Memory linked to Enslavement and the Slave Trade network and thus have access to UNESCO’s technical assistance and advocacy for the socio-economic benefit of local populations. In addition, twinning of African cities and their diasporas is encouraged to facilitate and reinforce collaboration in the fields of research and training.
To celebrate the anniversary, activities are organized by UNESCO, member states and partners throughout the year to mobilize communities and gather together scholars, intellectuals, artists and members of the public to foster reflection around the legacy of enslavement. They include mapping the routes of enslavement in Kenya, presenting the book Los negros esclavos by Fernando Ortiz in Cuba and an exhibit on Ayiti, Women, Vodou and Revolution in Haiti at UNESCO Headquarters.
The archives of the programme are also open to the public.
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