通信作者:吴泓教授
阳彤辉医生
【引用本文】阳彤辉,杨泓钊,谢坤林,等. 靶免时代下超米兰标准肝癌肝移植研究进展[J]. 中国实用外科杂志,2024,44(10):1192-1198,1200.
靶免时代下超米兰标准肝癌肝移植研究进展
阳彤辉,杨泓钊,谢坤林,吴 泓
中国实用外科杂志,2024,44(10):1192-1198,1200
随着肝细胞癌(HCC)治疗手段和诊疗理念的不断更新,当今HCC肝移植受者的选择和降期疗效评估越来越重视肿瘤生物学特征,同时对多种靶向治疗和免疫治疗方案(简称靶免治疗)应用于移植前后的探索也逐渐深入。然而,靶免治疗因靶点的多样性及肝移植术的特殊性,其在移植前后的有效性仍需更多高质量临床研究的验证,并且其安全性也须得到密切监测和深入探索。未来,优化受者选择标准和降期治疗策略将成为HCC肝移植领域的研究重点。在HCC诊疗手段快速发展的“靶免时代”,着眼于肿瘤生物学的移植标准和多种治疗手段联合的综合降期治疗将成为HCC肝移植的趋势。随着综合治疗策略的精进和肝移植标准的不断革新,越来越多的病人将因此受益。
基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目(No.82372791,No.82173124);国家科技部国家重点研发计划项目(No.2022YFC2407600);四川省科技厅中央引导地方科技发展专项基金(No.2023ZYD0171);四川省科技厅区域创新合作项目(No.2022YFQ0077)
作者单位:四川大学华西医院肝移植中心,四川成都 610041
通信作者:吴泓,E-mail:wuhong7801@163.com
1 HCC肝移植现有受者选择标准
1.1 米兰标准及扩展标准 在供体稀缺的情况下,米兰标准至今仍是各大指南推荐的首选HCC肝移植标准[2-4]。然而,米兰标准对肿瘤大小及数量的严格要求导致大量病人被排除在移植治疗之外。鉴于此,诸多肝移植的扩展标准被提出,如加州大学旧金山分校(University of California,San Francisco,UCSF)标准、复旦标准、东京标准、峨山标准、华西标准及Up-to-7标准等。但受限于治疗手段及诊疗理念,早期的扩展标准仅着眼于肿瘤形态学。自靶免治疗等方法应用于临床以来,学界逐渐认识到肿瘤生物学(包括肿瘤标记物、组织病理学等指标)在预测HCC肝移植受者预后中的重要性,将肿瘤标记物纳入病人选择标准,提出了杭州标准、京都标准、Samsung标准等。考虑到器官分配的公平性,HCC受者的术后复发率应控制在较低水平,至少应与符合米兰标准者相当。在此背景下,符合扩展标准的超米兰标准受者无复发生存率仍不能令人满意。肝移植技术和理念的进步扩大了可用供肝的范围,对于不受供体分配网络限制的活体肝移植(living donor liver transplantation,LDLT),应进一步扩展适应证[4-5]。
1.2 预后模型及液体活检辅助HCC肝移植选择标准 近年来,各类大型预后模型的发展为HCC肝移植受者选择标准带来了新的思路。France-AFP、Metroticket 2.0及NYCA score等大型HCC肝移植预后评分体系综合了肿瘤形态学和生物学指标,其中NYCA score还评估了术前受者的肿瘤治疗反应[6-8]。基于这些预测模型建立的风险评分系统,可以实现HCC病人移植后复发风险的分层,较准确地预测远期预后。研究结果显示,这些评分体系评估的低风险组术后5年复发率均<15%,有效筛选出术后复发风险较低的HCC受者[6-8]。液体活检是近年来新兴的肿瘤生物学检测技术,包括循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell,CTC)及循环肿瘤DNA(cell-free tumor DNA,ctDNA)等检测方法。与传统肿瘤标记物相比,液体活检能够更直接地反映肿瘤的生物学特性。近年的临床研究结果表明,液体活检在HCC早期诊断、术后早期复发风险预测或微小残余病灶(minimal residual disease,MRD)检测方面具有重要价值,同时也具有预测肿瘤治疗反应的潜力[9-15]。部分临床研究初步评估了术前CTC及ctDNA在预测HCC肝切除术或肝移植术后复发风险中的准确性,结果显示,术前CTC或ctDNA阳性与术后复发风险增加显著相关,提示其在HCC肝移植受者选择标准中的潜在应用价值[11,16-17]。目前,多项针对CTC和ctDNA检测用于HCC病人预后预测、术后复发监测以及治疗反应评估的临床研究正在进行中,有望为液体活检在临床应用提供更多循证医学证据(表1)。
2 肝移植术前的降期治疗
降期治疗指超出肝移植适应证标准的HCC病人,通过综合治疗手段将肿瘤负荷缩小至适应证范围内[4]。降期治疗的目标不仅是将肿瘤负荷缩小至HCC肝移植标准内,更重要的是通过肿瘤治疗反应识别出肿瘤生物学特性较好(如侵袭性低)的HCC病人[4,18]。从肿瘤形态学看,降期治疗前肿瘤负荷越大的病人,成功降期的可能性越低(一般定义为肿瘤负荷降至米兰标准以内),因肿瘤进展而移出肝移植治疗名单的风险也越高[19]。从肿瘤生物学看,接受降期治疗后AFP下降不明显的病人复发率明显更高,5年复发率可达>30%[8]。2017年,美国器官共享联合网络(united network for organ sharing,UNOS)在更新的HCC肝移植政策中引入了UNOS-DS标准,即:1个病灶,直径5~8 cm;或2~3个病灶,其中至少1个直径3~5 cm且总直径≤8 cm;或4~5个病灶,直径均≤3 cm且总直径≤8 cm,同时规定降期治疗后AFP水平<1000 μg/L[20]。这明确了适合接受降期治疗的HCC病人选择标准,以期实现理想的降期成功率及移植后预后。 2.1 降期治疗的手段 长期以来,超米兰标准HCC的降期治疗以局部治疗(local-regional therapy)为主,包括经导管动脉化疗栓塞(trans-arterial chemoembolization,TACE)、肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)、经动脉放射栓塞(transarterial radioembolization,TARE)、射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)以及体部立体定向放射治疗(stereotactic body radiation therapy,SBRT)等方法,其中前3种在临床上较常用。接受局部治疗的超米兰标准HCC病人,整体降期成功率可达>30%,符合UNOS-DS标准者甚至最高可达>80%[21-24]。对于何种局部治疗方法能够获得最佳降期治疗效果,目前尚无定论。例如,对于肿瘤直径<7 cm、数目≤3个的HCC病人,RFA联合TACE的局部治疗策略较单用RFA能够显著改善病人预后,但是否能改善降期治疗的疗效尚不明确[25]。已发表的临床研究中,关于TARE与TACE疗效优劣仍存在争议,尽管TARE在控制肿瘤进展方面可能优于TACE,但二者的降期成功率差异并无统计学意义[24,26]。因此,接受降期治疗的病人,其局部治疗策略应依据病人及移植中心的特点,由多学科综合治疗协作组(MDT)讨论制定。
近年来,多个靶免治疗方案被列为中晚期HCC的一线治疗方案。自首个HCC靶向治疗药物索拉非尼获批以来,进展期HCC病人的生存期显著改善。靶免治疗的联合应用显示出协同作用,贝伐珠单抗联合阿替利珠单抗作为首个获批的一线靶免联合治疗方案,在进展期HCC病人中取得了19.2个月的中位生存期[27]。局部治疗联合靶免治疗也是当前临床研究的热点领域。与单用TACE相比,TACE联合仑伐替尼可显著改善不可切除HCC病人的总生存率及无进展生存率,采用TACE联合特瑞普利单抗及FOLFOX-HAIC方案治疗病人的中位无进展生存期和总生存期分别为10.4、17.9个月[28-29];EMERALD-1研究结果显示,TACE联合贝伐珠单抗及度伐利尤单抗将不可切除HCC病人的中位无进展生存期延长至15.0个月,显著优于单用TACE的8.2个月[30]。局部治疗与靶免治疗的综合应用显著改善了进展期HCC病人的预后,逐渐取代了单一治疗方案,成为目前HCC治疗的主流。
然而,尽管关于靶免治疗用于进展期HCC的大型临床试验不断开展,其用于肝切除术前转化治疗的有效性也得到部分研究支持,但其用于肝移植术前降期治疗是否能提高降期成功率,尚缺乏高质量临床研究提供证据[31-32]。虽然一些临床试验及队列研究报道了移植前靶向药物的使用情况,但其获益尚不明确[33-34]。Frenette等[35]的一项小样本回顾性研究结果表明,术前应用索拉非尼的病人较未接受靶向治疗者具有更高的肿瘤负荷以及超米兰标准比例,但两组的复发率相似。此外,少数描述性研究报道了一些从术前靶免治疗中获益的HCC肝移植受者[18,36-38]。此外,局部治疗联合靶免治疗可能也是改善降期成功率的潜在有效方案,但现有证据仍不足。国内一项多中心随机对照试验(RCT)结果显示,TACE联合仑伐替尼及免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)的“LEN-TAP”三联方案在BCLC B/C期HCC中实现了50.7%的转化切除率,显著高于单用TACE,其中3例转化成功的进展期HCC病人因肝功能衰竭接受边缘供肝或LDLT,疗效良好[39-40]。然而,Hoffmann等[41]开展的一项多中心RCT结果显示,TACE联合索拉非尼相与单用TACE比较,并未改善等待肝移植期间HCC病人的肿瘤进展;但与近年批准的各类新型靶免治疗方案相比,索拉非尼的有效性显著较低,可能是本试验获得阴性结果的原因。
2.2 降期治疗与病人预后 降期治疗对超米兰标准受者预后的改善已经在多项大规模回顾性队列研究中得到验证[20,24,42-45]。Yao等[20]的大型回顾性研究结果显示,在意向治疗(intention-to-treat,ITT)分析及移植后分析中,符合UNOS-DS的病人能够获得与符合米兰标准者相当的预后。Tan等[42]的系统评价结果表明,符合UNOS-DS标准的病人在成功降期后接受肝移植,术后复发率<10%,5年总生存率可达74%。Tabrizian等[44]开展的10年随访队列研究结果显示,降期至米兰标准以内的受者,其术后复发率显著低于未降期者,但仍高于始终符合米兰标准的受者。
与其他HCC治疗手段比较,肝移植在降期至米兰标准以内的病人中显示出明显的优势。Zaydfudim等[46]报道,超米兰标准HCC病人行肝移植的远期预后显著优于行肝切除病人;对于降期失败或未降期的HCC受者,其术后无复发生存率仍显著优于相匹配的肝切除者;即使肝切除病人接受新辅助治疗,其远期预后仍与肝移植受者存在显著差距。Mazzaferro等[33]的研究结果表明,对于降期治疗后肿瘤获得部分或完全缓解的HCC病人,术前接受索拉非尼治疗至少3个月且无进展的情况下,肝移植术后5年总生存率和无复发生存率分别达77.5%和76.8%,显著优于其他治疗手段(31.2%、18.3%),证明超米兰标准HCC病人接受降期治疗并获得有效且持续的治疗反应后,行肝移植可明显改善预后。
2.3 降期治疗后肿瘤稳定性与病人预后 在临床实践中,降期治疗成功后通常需要与肝移植间隔一定时间观察肿瘤的稳定性,以进一步筛选肿瘤生物学特性较好的受者。目前普遍认为,降期成功后应至少观察3个月再行肝移植,多项临床研究也采用了这一方案[20,23,33]。
有学者认为,移植前的等待时间及等待期间的肿瘤稳定性在选择HCC肝移植受者时具有重要意义,这些因素间接反映了肿瘤的生物学特性,有助于筛选复发风险较低的受者。Samoylova等[47]报道,肝移植等待时间>3个月与术后HCC复发风险显著降低相关,而Mehta等[48]的研究结果表明,肝移植等待时间<6个月或>18个月均与术后HCC复发风险显著升高相关。Victor等[34]的一项单中心回顾性研究结果发现,对于接受降期治疗后肿瘤部分缓解或稳定且持续时间>9个月的HCC病人,即使其肿瘤负荷超出UCSF标准,其预后仍与符合UCSF及米兰标准者相似,5年总生存率、无复发生存率分别达80%和85.4%。这些研究提示,“时间”可能是选择肝移植受者的一种简单有效的标准,值得进行大样本的临床研究以验证其有效性。
2.4 移植前靶免治疗相关不良反应事件及其处理 靶免治疗在进展期HCC治疗中的突破和进展越来越多,但须注意,靶免治疗相关不良反应(treatment-related adverse events,TRAE)普遍存在,不仅增加了停药风险,还可能降低病人的生活质量。近年来,多项大型临床试验显示,进展期HCC病人使用索拉非尼或仑伐替尼单药治疗时,≥Ⅲ级TRAE的发生率可达>40%,而靶免联合治疗的≥Ⅲ级TRAE发生率通常高达40%~60%[49-52]。对于接受转化及降期治疗的HCC病人,既往也有文献报道索拉非尼的耐受性不佳,但根据既往针对转化治疗的临床研究,转化治疗过程中发生的不良事件通常是可预期且可控的,在治疗过程中应密切随访肝功能以监测TRAE[53-57]。
对于接受降期治疗的HCC肝移植受者,最主要的问题是药物的“拖尾效应”(tailing effect)是否导致术后严重并发症风险增加。程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)与其配体(PD-L1)之间的相互作用在移植后免疫耐受中起重要作用[58]。因此,术前使用ICIs可能与移植后急性排斥反应相关,已有文献报道了多例ICI相关的致命急性排斥反应个案,但也有研究结果表明移植前应用ICIs是安全的[59-61]。目前,尚无大样本临床研究验证移植前应用ICIs在移植后的安全性,但在临床实践中一般认为,免疫治疗应提前停止,并与肝移植间隔一段“洗脱期”。理论上,ICIs停药时间应基于药物的半衰期决定,但由于公民逝世后捐献供体肝移植(deceased donor liver transplantation,DDLT)时间的不确定性,停药时机只能结合各中心的临床实际作出决定[62]。部分中心的经验显示,纳武利尤单抗和帕博利珠单抗在移植前至少停药6周可能是安全的[62-63]。此外,现有靶向药物的靶点包括血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)及多种酪氨酸激酶,不仅涉及新生血管过程,还可能涉及多种组织再生与修复途径,其用于肝移植术前的安全性并不确切[32]。有研究结果表明,肝移植术前应用索拉非尼可能增加术后急性排斥反应及胆道并发症的风险,但仍需更多研究确定术前靶向治疗对肝移植术后并发症的影响[64]。
3 肝移植术后复发的防治
3.1 肝移植术后辅助治疗 对于接受肝切除术的病人,尽管高危因素者应接受术后辅助治疗已成共识,术后辅助性局部治疗(如TACE、HAIC、放疗等)对改善预后的作用也得到多项RCT结果验证,但在聚焦系统治疗的多项临床研究中,目前仅IMbrave050(贝伐珠单抗联合阿替利珠单抗)取得阳性结果[65-66]。
对于肝移植受者,超米兰标准者是否应接受术后辅助靶向治疗尚无定论。国内两项队列研究结果显示,肝移植术后辅助仑伐替尼治疗在控制超米兰标准受者术后复发方面具有一定效果[67-68]。然而,近期一项多中心RCT研究结果显示,HCC肝移植术后复发高危人群[双肝叶受累、血管侵犯、超米兰标准、肿瘤低分化、术前AFP>500 μg/L或异常凝血酶原(PIVKA-Ⅱ)>400 mAU/mL]行索拉非尼单药辅助治疗仅显示出推迟中位复发时间的趋势,但其无复发生存率及总生存率均未明显改善[69]。对于肝移植术后辅助治疗,仍需更多高质量临床研究提供证据;然而,样本招募困难和诸多伦理问题等限制了相关临床试验的开展。
肝移植术后免疫抑制方案的调整也属于辅助治疗的范畴。《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024版)》推荐术后早期撤除或无激素方案、减少钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(calcineurin inhibitors,CNI)的用量,并采用以哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白抑制剂(mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors,mTORi)为主的免疫抑制方案,以预防HCC复发及新发肿瘤。此外,对于乙肝病毒携带者,在肝移植术后继续接受抗病毒治疗有助于预防乙型肝炎及HCC的复发[65]。
3.2 肝移植术后复发的治疗 肝移植术后HCC复发通常进展迅速,预后较差,中位总生存期仅约1年[70]。对于可切除的肝内复发病灶,行肝切除可显著改善预后;然而,对于不可切除的复发HCC,接受TACE的病人中位总生存期仅为12.1个月[70]。索拉非尼治疗的肝移植术后复发HCC病人中位总生存期为10.5个月,而仑伐替尼治疗者为14.5个月,这些结果与未接受肝移植的进展期HCC病人的生存情况相似[71]。瑞戈非尼作为索拉非尼治疗失败后的二线治疗药物,可将肝移植术后复发HCC病人的中位总生存期延长至38.4个月,显著优于最佳支持治疗[72-73]。
肝移植术后肝外转移也较常见,其中肺是最常见的转移部位。手术切除是肝移植术后孤立肺转移瘤的主要且有效的治疗方法,其中位总生存期可达51个月[74]。目前尚缺乏靶免治疗用于肝移植术后肺转移的相关研究。近年的几项小样本临床研究结果显示,放疗可能是治疗肺转移瘤的有效手段。125I粒子植入联合索拉非尼用于肝移植术后多发肺转移的病人,中位总生存期为21个月;体部立体定向放射治疗(SBRT)也可能是实体瘤肺转移的潜在有效治疗手段,但针对HCC肺转移的证据仍然有限[75]。
器官移植受者曾被认为是ICIs的禁忌证。Fisher等[76]报告,在器官移植受者中应用ICIs治疗恶性肿瘤时,37%的病人发生了移植物排斥反应,其中肝移植受者的排斥反应发生率为35%,并且有14%的病人死于排斥反应。Kayali等[77]的系统评价结果显示了类似的安全性结果,但在接受ICIs治疗的肝移植受者中,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)达44.2%,客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)为34.6%,未发生排斥反应的病人具有显著的生存获益。尽管如此,ICIs在HCC肝移植术后复发的治疗中仍具有潜在价值,但识别出排斥反应风险较高的受者是其应用的前提。有小样本研究报道,移植肝活检PD-L1染色可能在预测ICIs给药后排斥反应中发挥作用,表明移植肝组织学检查可能具有评估ICIs适用人群的潜在作用,但仍需进一步研究证实[77-78]。除ICIs外,过继性T细胞治疗(adoptive t-cell therapy,ACT)也是HCC肝移植术后复发的潜在有效且安全的新型疗法,但由于目前报道的病例数较少,其有效性和安全性仍需进一步研究探索[79]。总体上,现有研究结果表明,靶免治疗在肝移植术后HCC复发中的有效性与未接受肝移植的进展期HCC病人相似,但由于排斥反应的风险,如何在保证受体安全的前提下应用免疫治疗仍需进一步研究明确。
综上所述,随着HCC治疗手段和诊疗理念的不断更新,当今HCC肝移植受者的选择和降期疗效评估越来越重视肿瘤生物学特征,同时对多种靶免治疗方案应用于移植前后的探索也逐渐深入。然而,靶免治疗因靶点的多样性及肝移植术的特殊性,其在移植前后的有效性仍需更多高质量临床研究的验证,并且其安全性也必须得到密切监测和深入探索。未来,优化受者选择标准和降期治疗策略将成为HCC肝移植领域的研究重点。在HCC诊疗手段快速发展的靶免时代,着眼于肿瘤生物学的移植标准和多种治疗手段联合的综合降期治疗将成为HCC肝移植的趋势。随着综合治疗策略的精进和肝移植标准的不断革新,越来越多的病人将因此受益。
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(2024-09-02收稿)
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