头晕、反应迟钝、头痛……无症状性颈动脉狭窄该如何治疗?

健康   科学   2024-07-10 20:30   北京  

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无症状性颈动脉狭窄(aCAS)指既往6个月内无颈动脉狭窄所致的卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作或其他相关神经症状,可有头晕、反应迟钝、头痛等症状。aCAS,尤其是中重度aCAS是卒中发生的重要危险因素,相关研究显示,约3.5%的首次缺血性卒中归因于50%以上狭窄的aCAS。一项基于人群的队列研究、系统综述和荟萃分析表明,卒中风险与同侧aCAS程度呈线性相关,相比于狭窄程度在50%~69%的aCAS患者,狭窄程度在70%~99%的患者卒中风险高出2倍(OR=2.1);狭窄程度在80%~99%的患者卒中风险高出2.5倍(OR=2.5)。此外,狭窄程度在50%~69%的aCAS患者5年内同侧卒中发生率为0%,而狭窄程度在70%~99%的患者发生率将提高到14.6%。早期证据显示,内外科治疗可能降低aCAS相关性卒中风险。但2021年一份国际、多专业、专家评审和立场声明指出,尽管当前全球至少有25个aCAS相关指南或共识,但对于aCAS的最佳治疗方式临床仍存较大争议


aCAS的最佳治疗方式临床争议点


临床关于aCAS的最佳治疗方式争议之一在于——aCAS最佳治疗方式是药物治疗,还是外科内膜剥脱手术(CEA)或颈动脉内支架(CAS)治疗?


药物治疗方面,在降低aCAS患者中风和死亡率效果方面,高强度他汀类药物、前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9(PCSK9)抑制剂似乎与保守治疗效果相似;外科手术治疗方面,得益于过去20年来临床成像和外科技术的进步,卒中高风险人群识别率有所增加,围手术期卒中和死亡率均有所降低,手术治疗对aCAS患者的益处可能被低估。


此外,aCAS与进行性认知功能障碍的关系,以及关于颈动脉血运重建程序逆转/阻止进展的能力认知能力下降的作用也仍有待阐明。


aCAS的最佳药物(BMT)治疗


对于aCAS患者而言,目前BMT支柱是戒烟、使用他汀类药物和抗血小板药物、降压治疗和血糖控制。相关研究显示,采用高强度他汀、PCSK9抑制剂等药物,可使aCAS>50%的患者同侧脑卒中年发生率逐渐下降。另有研究发现,接受BMT的无症状颈动脉狭窄患者,每5年可降低24%的同侧脑卒中风险,女性、颈动脉狭窄50%~69%的患者获益更大。因此,临床多建议aCAS患者使用他汀类药物+依折麦布进行降脂治疗,以长期预防中风、心肌梗死(MI)和其他心血管事件的发生。


PCSK9抑制剂是一种人源化单克隆抗体,相关研究显示,PCSK9抑制剂将高危患者的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平降低70%,并使已接受他汀类药物治疗的患者心血管事件继续降低。2023年欧洲血管外科学会(ESVS)颈动脉指南建议:对于他汀类药物不耐受同时接受或未接受依折麦布治疗的血脂异常aCAS患者,可使用PCSK9抑制剂进行降脂治疗(IIa级,证据水平:C)


aCAS的外科治疗


aCAS的外科治疗包含颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)、颈动脉粥样硬化支架术(CAS)和经颈动脉血运重建术(TCAR)等。


颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)



一项队列研究纳入了3824例狭窄程度在70%~99%的aCAS患者,并对比了BMT与CEA+BMT在预防同侧卒中方面的疗效。中位随访68个月发现,相比于单独BMT,CEA+BMT卒中风险降低2.6%,差异具有统计学意义。但该研究为非随机对照研究,且两组患者基线资料(风险因素和合并症)不匹配。2022年美国《血管外科学会颈动脉指南》指出,中重度aCAS患者从CEA中获益更大,建议采用CEA+BMT的策略,以预防狭窄程度>70%的aCAS患者卒中和死亡风险(推荐级别:1级[强];证据质量:B[中等])。但也有系统性综述指出,接受CEA给患者带来的益处,或与狭窄程度无关。


颈动脉粥样硬化支架术(CAS)



一项系统综述和荟萃分析表明,当考虑围手术前期和围手术期卒中、MI和死亡的复合终点时,经股动脉颈动脉内支架术(TF-CAS)和CEA似乎对aCAS患者同样有效。但单独风险之间二者存在差异,相比于CEA,接受TF-CAS的aCAS患者任何围手术期卒中(OR=1.62)和非致残性卒中(OR=1.81)风险均显著增加,而致残性卒中和死亡二者间无显著差异(OR=0.91)。其他荟萃分析也有类似地发现,在死亡、任何原因的卒中和MI复合风险方面,两种治疗方式之间无显著差异,但在单独的卒中、死亡方面,接受TF-CAS的患者预后更差。


此外,在预防卒中发生方面,CEA联合BMT似乎并不能提升治疗效果。最近,SPACE-2试验公布了5年研究结果,这项多中心随机对照试验纳入了513例50~85岁的aCAS患者。患者随机接受CEA+BMT(CEA-BMT)、TF-CAS+BMT(TF-CAS-BMT)或BMT(BMT),中位随访时间59.9个月。主要研究结局为30天内任何原因引起的卒中或死亡,以及5年内任何同侧缺血性卒中的累积发病率。研究结果显示,CEA-BMT组累积发病率为2.5%、TF-CAS-BMT为4.4%、单独BMT为3.1%,即无论是CEA还是TF-CAS与BMT联用,治疗效果并未优于单独BMT。不过,该研究样本量较小,建议谨慎解释结果。另外一项回顾性队列分析也发现,在5年致命性和非致命性卒中发生率方面,接受TF-CAS和BMT的患者风险分别为6.9%和7.1%,差异无统计学意义。


经颈动脉血运重建术(TCAR)



过去几年,TCAR已成为TF-CAS的一种替代性混合/血管内选择方式。几项非随机研究报告称,相比于TF-CAS,TCAR与较低的卒中和死亡率相关,但与CEA相比无显著差异。但目前对于TCAR的确切疗效仍不明确,一方面尚未有临床随机对照研究比较过TCAR与CEA、TF-CAS或BMT的疗效;另一方面,TCAR尚未在全球广泛使用,因此相关循证医学证据仍不足。


小结


尽管全球已经有超过25项与aCAS相关的指南或专家共识,但临床关于aCAS的治疗最佳策略仍存争议。就现有医学证据来看,BMT在降低aCAS患者卒中风险的作用是比较明确的,CEA、TF-CAS和TCAR在降低aCAS患者卒中或死亡风险方面,并未明显优于单独的BMT。若患者血管风险因素,如低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、收缩压和高密度脂蛋白水平等能够得到有效控制,则更有利于降低aCAS患者卒中发生风险。综合现有医学证据和相关指南,建议对于aCAS患者的管理,应充分结合患者个体需求和特征,临床判断等,提供个体化的管理和治疗策略,造福广大aCAS患者


本文作者:泰达国际心血管病医院郑刚
本文编辑:药明康德内容编辑团队


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