【猪译馆】丹系猪营养标准2023，第33版（上）

科技 2023-09-23 23:07 湖北

译者的话：

“甲之甘饴，乙之毒药”，国内养猪界虽然早就过了用青菜地瓜饲喂良种猪的阶段，但对与不同品系猪只的营养需求认知或者标准尚有待于明晰，仍有不少从业人员认为不同品系的良种猪的营养需求差不多，或者认为法系猪营养标准可替代丹系猪的营养需求，抑或丹系营养标准可替代美系猪的营养标准。实际生产结果已证实：对于全球遗传性能表现最优品系之一的丹系，随随便便的营养标准或者随随便便的饲喂程序，就会毫无意外地呈现出一个随随便便的遗传结果。对于我们这些不随便的丹系饲养人，《丹系猪营养标准2023-第33版》就是肘后良方。

机构：丹麦养猪研究中心

INSTITUTION: SEGES DANISH PIG RESEARCH CENTRE

作者：AUTHORS:

Per Tybirk

Niels Morten Sloth

Karoline Blaabjerg

丹系猪营养标准2023，第33版（上）

DANISH NUTRIENT STANDARDS 2023, 33^rd Edition - Part 1

主要结论

Main conclusion

15公斤以下猪的色氨酸标准从赖氨酸的21%提高到23%。生长猪和育肥猪的赖氨酸标准提高0.2g/生长猪饲料单位(FUgp)，可消化蛋白和缬氨酸标准降低。提高了所有猪的碘的标准。

Tryptophan standards for pigs up to 15 kg are raised from 21% to 23% of lysine. Lysine standards for growers and finishers are raised by 0.2 g/FUgp, and standards for digestible protein and valine are lowered. Iodine standards are raised for all pigs.

第33版修订的主要内容

Revisions in 33rd edition

根据最近的一项试验结果，将15公斤以下保育猪的色氨酸：赖氨酸比率从21%提高到23%。氨基酸和蛋白质的其余标准不变。

The tryptophan:lysine ratio is raised from 21 to 23% for weaned pigs up to 15 kg following results of a recent trial. The remaining standards for amino acids and protein are unchanged.

生长猪和育肥猪的缬氨酸：赖氨酸比率从67%降低到64%，氨基酸：蛋白质比率相应提高，在赖氨酸标准低于9.5g/生长猪饲料单位(FUgp)的日粮中，每个生长猪饲料单位(FUgp)的可消化赖氨酸增加0.2g，可消化粗蛋白质减少2g。这是基于最近一项试验的结果，是在当前蛋白质和氨基酸价格下产生最佳经济效益并导致氨排放略有减少的标准。

The valine:lysine ratio is lowered from 67 to 64% for growers and finishers and amino acid:protein recommendations are raised corresponding to an increase of 0.2 g digestible lysine and a reduction of 2 g digestible crude protein per FUgp – though only in diets with lysine standards below 9.5 g/FUgp. This is based on results of a recent trial and is the standard that generates the optimum economy at the current protein and amino acid prices and leads to a slight reduction in ammonia emissions.

专供英国市场和其他专业产品的猪日粮标准不再适用，因为现在平均瘦肉率如此之高，以至于在目前的付费模式下，增加额外的蛋白质没有任何好处。

The standards for feed for pigs for the UK market and other specialised productions no longer apply as average lean meat percentage is now so high that with the current payment models there is no benefit in adding extra protein.

碘的标准从所有猪的0.2mg/FUgp提高到断奶仔猪和育肥猪的0.3mg/FUgp，妊娠母猪提高到0.5mg/FUsow，哺乳母猪提高到1.0mg/FUsow。额外的碘是一种廉价的保险，根据新的建议，在油菜籽产品的含量≤10%的饲料中，碘供应将是足够的。建议在油菜籽产品的含量＞10%的饲料中增加50%的碘。

The iodine standards are raised from 0.2 mg/FUgp for all pigs to 0.3 mg/FUgp for weaned pigs and finishers and to 0.5 mg/FUsow for gestating sows and to 1.0 mg/FUsow for lactating sows. The extra iodine is a cheap insurance and with the new recommendations iodine supply will be sufficient in feed containing up 10% rapeseed products. It is recommended to increase iodine by 50% in feed containing more than 10% rapeseed products.

丹麦饲料评估体系

The Danish feed evaluation system

丹麦的饲料评估体系是基于营养物质的生理能量值和这些营养物质的标准可消化率。2002年，丹麦饲料评估体系所使用的旧的饲料单位被两个新的饲料单位所取代：即FUgp(生长猪饲料单位，适用于保育猪、生长猪和育肥猪)和FUsow(母猪饲料单位，适用于母猪)。

The Danish feed evaluation system is based on the physiological energy value of nutrients and on the standardised digestibility of these nutrients. In 2002, the old feed unit was replaced by two new feed units: FUgp (feed units for weaned pigs, growers and finishers) and FUsow (feed units for sows).

在丹麦，饲料的能量评估是基于：

Energy evaluation in Denmark is based on:

1. 水、灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的化学分析

Chemical analyses of water, ash, crude protein and crude fat

2. 体外消化率（回肠和粪便）

In vitro digestibility at ileal level and faecal level

3. 基于“潜在生理值”的营养物质能量值

Energy values of nutrients based on "potential physiological values".

蛋白的评价体系是基于每种氨基酸的标准回肠可消化率。

The protein evaluation system is based on the standardised ileal digestibility of each amino acid.

所有的建议值均以丹麦饲料单位表示。可使用下表与其他饲料评价系统换算。

All recommendations are expressed per Danish Feed Unit. In order to calculate g per kg or per MJ in other evaluation systems, the below table can be used.

每公斤常规全价料的能量含量：

Energy content per kg diet of a conventional complete diet:

氨基酸、蛋白和常量元素-断奶仔猪（保育）

Amino acids, protein and macro minerals – weaned pigs

断奶仔猪的氨基酸、蛋白和常量元素的标准见表1a和1b。氨基酸标准不包括安全余量，因为这些氨基酸的含量是在正常价格关系下确定的含有常规成分的日粮的经济最佳水平。因此，通过增加氨基酸和蛋白的含量有可能略微提高生产水平，但并不能带来经济效益，因为成本的增加大于生产水平的提高。此外，蛋白的增加将增加腹泻爆发的风险。

The standards for amino acids, protein and macro minerals for weaned pigs are shown in table 1a and 1b. The amino acid standards do not include a safety margin as they are determined as the economic optimum level in diets containing conventional ingredients under normal price relations. Consequently, it is possible to improve productivity slightly by increasing amino acids and protein, but this will not be profitable as the increase in price exceeds productivity improvements. Furthermore, a protein increase will increase the risk of diarrhoea outbreaks.

在本版营养标准中，断奶仔猪的营养标准是基于饲料转化率（FCR）建议的，即提高推荐水平以获得更高的饲料转化率。当猪群出现周期性腹泻时，建议使用表1b中的“保护性日粮”营养标准。但是，这种日粮会对生产效率产生负面影响，因此只能在腹泻爆发高峰期使用。相对于给定的赖氨酸水平，蛋白质水平低于推荐的最低水平可能会导致非必需氨基酸的缺乏。

Nutrient standards for weaned pigs are now recommended according to feed conversion, ie. elevated recommendations in diets for a good FCR. When periodic outbreaks of diarrhoea occur, it is recommended to switch to the standards in table 1b (protective). However, this will affect productivity negatively and should only be applied in the period when diarrhoea outbreaks peak. A protein level below the recommended minimum relative to a given lysine level may lead to a deficiency in non-essential amino acids.

钙和磷的水平也根据FCR做了调整，而其余的矿物标准目前尚未根据FCR调整。在非常小的猪的饲料中，钙含量较低，因为碳酸钙的高钙浓度会增加腹泻的风险，因此钙水平要能在腹泻风险和最大骨矿化之间做好平衡。

Calcium and phosphorus levels are also adjusted to FCR, and the remaining mineral standards are for now not adjusted to FCR. In feed for very small pigs, calcium content is lower as a high calcium concentration from calcium carbonate increases the risk of diarrhoea, and consequently calcium levels are a compromise between the risk of diarrhoea and maximum bone mineralization.

表1a：营养标准-断奶仔猪（保育猪）

Table 1. Nutrient standards – weaned pigs.

*如果含0-100%植酸酶，那么每饲料单位的镁增加0.2g。

* Increase by 0.2 g per feed unit if 0-100% phytase.

表1b：营养标准-断奶仔猪

Table 1b. Nutrient standards – weaned pigs

如果含0-100%植酸酶，那么每饲料单位的镁增加0.2g。

* Increase by 0.2 g per feed unit if 0-100% phytase.

氨基酸、蛋白和常量元素-生长猪

Amino acids, protein and macro minerals – growers

氨基酸、蛋白和常量元素的标准如表2所示。推荐的体重区间取决于整个生长育肥期从30公斤到115公斤的饲料效率。如30-115kg期间料重比为2.7 FUgp/kg，则30-60kg期间，每饲料单位的日粮应含8.9g可消化赖氨酸，其他营养物质的含量也应与‘8.9g赖氨酸’一栏中的值一致。

The standards for amino acids, protein and macro minerals for growers are shown in table 2. The recommended weight intervals depend on the feed conversion in the entire finisher period 30-115 kg. If, in the 30-115 kg period, the pigs have a feed conversion of, for instance, 2.7 FUgp/kg gain, the diet used in the 30-60 kg period should contain 8.9g digestible lysine per FUgp and include all nutrients listed in the column ‘8.9 g lysine’.

与断奶猪的情况一样，对生长猪的建议旨在尽可能在最低蛋白水平的基础上最大限度地利用蛋白，以减少腹泻爆发的风险。为了在最低蛋白含量下满足所有营养物质的建议标准，对于每饲料单位可消化赖氨酸含量为9.2-10.2g的日粮，不仅需要添加赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸，还需要添加色氨酸和缬氨酸。如果不可行，就必须略微提高饲料中的蛋白水平。

As is the case for weaned pigs, the recommendations for growers aim at maximising protein utilization at the lowest protein level possible to reduce the risk of diarrhoea outbreaks. To be able to comply with all recommendations at minimum protein with standard ingredients, it is necessary to add not only lysine, methionine and threonine, but also tryptophan and valine to the diets including 9.2-10.2g digestible lysine per FUgp. If this is not possible, protein levels must be increased slightly.

表2：营养标准-生长猪。

Table 2. Nutrient standards – growers.

如果含0-100%植酸酶，那么每饲料单位的镁增加0.2g。

* Increase by 0.2 g per feed unit if 0-100% phytase.

氨基酸、蛋白和常量元素-育肥猪

Amino acids, protein and macro minerals – finishers

育肥猪的氨基酸、蛋白和常量元素的标准见表3。推荐的体重区间取决于整个生长育肥期从30公斤到115公斤的饲料效率。

The standards for amino acids, protein and macro minerals for finishers are shown in table 3. The recommended weight intervals depend on the feed conversion in the entire finisher period 30-115 kg.

氨基酸的标准是特定猪群在给定的饲料效率潜力下的经济最佳水平。在料重比为2.6-2.75 FUgp/kg时，建议标准为每饲料单位的饲料含8.2g的可消化赖氨酸，其他营养物质的含量也应与‘8.2g赖氨酸’一栏中的值一致。如果猪场决定把可消化赖氨酸的含量增加到8.6g，其生产水平将略微有所提高，但饲料成本的增加将略高于提高的生产水平带来的价值。另一方面，如果可消化赖氨酸的含量降低到7.9g，损失的生产水平的价值将大于降低饲料成本带来的收益。可消化蛋白的最低标准通常会确保只需要添加赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸——尽管葵花籽粕含量低于5%的日粮中可以不添加色氨酸。如果缬氨酸和色氨酸都添加，则有可能在蛋白含量较低的情况下满足所有营养物质的标准含量，但不推荐生产者这么做，因为这并不会降低饲料成本，但低蛋白含量将导致瘦肉率降低。钙和可消化磷的标准足以确保最大生产水平和良好的骨矿化。

The amino acid standards are the economic optimum level at a given potential for feed conversion in a specific herd. At a feed conversion of 2.6-2.75 FUgp per kg gain, the standard recommends 8.2 g digestible lysine per FUgp – and all nutrients in the column ‘8.2 g digestible lysine’. If this pig producer decides to raise the content of digestible lysine to 8.6 g, productivity will increase marginally, but feed costs will increase slightly beyond the value of the improved productivity. If, on the other hand, the content of digestible lysine is lowered to 7.9 g, the value of lost productivity will exceed the benefit of the lower feed costs. The minimum standards for digestible protein will normally ensure that only lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan need to be added – though tryptophan can be left out in diets containing less than 5% sunflower meal. If both tryptophan and valine are added, it will be possible to comply with all standards at a lower protein level, but pig producers are not recommended to do so, as it will not lower the feed costs and as low protein levels lead to a drop in lean meat percentage. The standards for calcium and digestible phosphorus are sufficient to ensure maximum productivity and a good bone mineralization.

可消化磷的标准是考虑到生产水平、环境和经济因素的推荐含量。在每公顷土地不得超过30公斤磷的区域，每饲料单位的可消化磷可降低0.1克，以满足环保需求。

The standards for digestible phosphorus constitute the recommended content taking into account productivity, environment and economy. In areas subject to a limit of 30 kg P/hectare, dig. phosphorus may be lowered by 0.1 g/feed unit to reduce ‘harmony requirements’.

表3：营养标准-育肥猪。

Table 3. Nutrient standards - finishers.

未完待续……

To be continued…

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