A futuristic manned Moon chariot that draws on the past

A chariot for astronauts

In 2017, a Tsinghua-led design team put forward its first version of the manned lunar rover to the CMCA. The primary design looked futuristic — “like science fiction”, says Gantie Zheng, a professor from the Aerospace Eningeering Department at Tsinghua University, who jointly led the rover design team, alongside a number of professors from other departments at Tsinghua. But when the agency officially called for new designs in 2023, the Tsinghua aerospace engineer says they decided to submit something that had more ‘soul’.

The name of the rover comes from Chinese legend — Wangshu is the goddess that drives the chariot for the Moon. Its design draws from highly detailed bronze statues of horse-drawn chariots unearthed from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang — who proclaimed himself the first emperor of China in 221 BCE. The chariots are among the thousands of often life-sized or larger statues, including the terracotta warriors, that were found buried outside of the city of Xi’an in central China.  

Unlike traditional two-wheeled chariots, the rover design has six wheels, as well as special braking and ground detection features, for motorised agility. It has two much larger wheels for stability over rough terrain, similar to a chariot, says Song Qiu, a professor from Industrial Design Department of Tsinghua University. The current design also features a canopy reminiscent of the umbrella seen on top of some of its ancient inspirations. “We wanted to introduce traditional Chinese cultural elements into the design,” he explains. 

Of course, the rover team used advanced technical features such as very light-weight materials, an incredibly compact fold out design, and the canopy, although reminiscent of ancient times, has a very practical purpose on the Moon.  

The research team calls the canopy the ‘baldachin’, which were the canopies often draped above thrones. This one, like on Earth, is used to block the sun’s radiation. But the Moon doesn’t have the same protective atmosphere as Earth and surface temperatures can reach above 257 degrees Fahrenheit (125 degrees Celsius), which is above boiling point.

The rover and astronauts will endure six hours of this kind of heat to complete the planned mission. So, the broad thin canopy on the rover incorporates a cooling system and helps creates a wide shadow area, says Zheng. He explains that temperatures can also drop to -343 degrees Fahrenheit (-173 degrees Celsius) when the sun is not out, but the rover will only be deployed for one journey of six hours in daylight.

The canopy also serves a dual function as an anti-roll feature, as it is supported by a pair of strong columns with a beam on top. Similar to the way an open-roof sport car sometimes features a ‘roll bar’, if the rover tips this bracket will make rolling harder and help protect the astronauts inside from being crushed.

Longer for more payload 

Moon hops

The rest of the mission, which was originally announced in July 2023, is also moving along in leaps and bounds. The launch, it was announced, will involve three astronauts, who will make the journey to the Moon’s orbit. Only two, however, will descend to the lunar surface with the rover. This pair will then spend six hours collecting data, including the lunar rock and loose stone and dust samples, before rejoining their colleague in lunar orbit and returning to Earth.

The names of the spacecraft and lander were revealed in February 2024. The ‘Mengzhou’ spacecraft has already undergone its first uncrewed test flight in 2020 and was designed as a reusable spacecraft with a modular design that allows it to be constructed to meet different mission demands.

Mengzhou will be launched into space using an existing Long March 10 rocket, which is currently undergoing late-stage testing. And the lunar lander ‘Lanyue’ and the lunar landing suits are also all near complete, according to an announcement made by Lin Xiqiang, deputy director of China Manned Space Engineering Office in April 2024.

New launch infrastructure required to facilitate the mission is being built near China’s existing coastal spaceport on Hainan Island, off of southern China.

If the Wangshu Chariot is selected to be sent on the moon, it will be fabricated in the next few years and tested in remote and space-like environments in conjunction with China Academy of Space Technology.