01
—
上图概括了要点,包括四点。
肩袖撕裂多为退行性、非外伤性,老年人常见。
撕裂大小不一定与症状严重程度匹配。
首选非手术治疗,手术是备选项。
无论手术与否,多数患者预后良好。
肩袖的组成
图2 两种不同的医学影像技术如何显示肩袖撕裂的情况:磁共振成像(MRI)和超声波检查。
Panel B:相应的超声检查显示肩袖撕裂,以低回声(暗)区域(箭头所示)为特征。低回声(暗)区域(箭头所示):箭头指向的暗色区域是超声图像中肩袖撕裂的特征性表现。肌腱组织在超声图像上通常表现为高回声(亮色),而撕裂的区域由于结构发生改变,会表现为低回声(暗色)。
02
—
论文要点
英文为准,中文仅供参考
Introduction: 引言
Article focuses on degenerative rotator cuff tears, a common cause of shoulder pain.
文章重点讨论退行性肩袖撕裂,这是肩痛的常见原因。 Presents a case vignette of a 55-year-old with shoulder pain.
介绍了一例 55 岁肩痛患者的病例。
The Clinical Problem: 临床问题:
Shoulder symptoms result in millions of physician visits annually.
肩部症状每年导致数百万次医生就诊。Rotator cuff disorder includes tendinopathy, partial/full tears, and cuff-tear arthropathy.
肩袖疾病包括肌腱病变、部分/全层撕裂及肩袖撕裂性关节病。Rotator cuff tendons: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor.
肩袖肌腱:冈上肌、冈下肌、肩胛下肌、小圆肌。Tears can be from trauma or degenerative (most common).
撕裂可由创伤或退行性变引起(最常见)。Degenerative tears usually in adults >40, prevalence increases with age.
退行性撕裂通常发生于 40 岁以上成人,患病率随年龄增长而增加。Risk factors: male sex, smoking, manual labor, vascular issues, family history.
风险因素:男性性别、吸烟、体力劳动、血管问题、家族史。Tears are more common in the dominant arm.
撕裂伤更常见于优势臂。Tears enlarge over time but size doesn't always correlate with pain or function.
撕裂伤随时间扩大,但大小并不总是与疼痛或功能相关。Fatty infiltration of the muscles linked to poorer outcomes.
肌肉脂肪浸润与预后较差相关。
Evaluation: 评估:
Insidious onset of lateral shoulder pain is typical. May be asymptomatic.
肩外侧疼痛的隐匿性发作是典型表现。可能无症状。Pain may worsen at night and with overhead/behind back reaching.
疼痛可能在夜间加重,并在举手过头或背后取物时加剧。Physical exam: muscle atrophy, posture, asymmetry, range of motion, strength.
体格检查:肌肉萎缩、姿势、不对称、活动范围、力量。Standardized measurements are key to measure weakness.
标准化测量是评估虚弱的关键。Maneuvers to assess rotator cuff: Jobe, lift off tests
评估肩袖的检查方法:Jobe 试验、抬离试验Plain radiographs show related issues like OA, dislocation
普通 X 线片显示相关问题如骨关节炎、脱位MRI/US used to confirm tears, assess size/location, tendon retraction, atrophy.
MRI/超声用于确认撕裂、评估大小/位置、肌腱回缩、萎缩。US is operator-dependent, MRI is higher quality. Not used routinely in primary care.
超声检查依赖于操作人员,磁共振成像质量更高。在初级保健中不常规使用。Imaging useful when dx is uncertain, surgery is needed, or muscle damage is known.
当诊断不确定、需要手术或已知肌肉损伤时,影像学检查有用。
Treatment: 治疗:
Traumatic tears - usually treated operatively.
创伤性撕裂——通常需要手术治疗。Degenerative tears - usually nonoperative initially
退行性撕裂 - 通常初期不需手术Physical therapy: periscapular strengthening, posture correction, ROM improvement.
物理治疗:肩胛周围肌力增强、姿势矫正、关节活动度改善。Specialty referral: when diagnosis is less certain, when symptoms don't improve, or surgery is required.
专科转诊:诊断不明确时、症状无改善或需手术时。Psychosocial evaluation and referral if needed.
必要时进行心理社会评估及转介。
Nonoperative Therapies: 非手术疗法:
Physical therapy first line: most patients improve, factors like being married, light manual labor, and higher education suggest better outcomes, as does less fatty infiltration. High expectations also improves outcomes.
物理治疗为首选:多数患者有所改善,已婚、轻体力劳动及较高教育程度等因素预示更好疗效,脂肪浸润较少亦然。高期望值同样有助于改善结果。Psychosocial therapies: may improve outcomes when distress/depression are present
心理社会疗法:当存在痛苦/抑郁时,可能改善治疗效果Manual therapy, acupuncture, etc lack evidence
手法治疗、针灸等缺乏证据支持Topical NSAIDs effective for pain relief with fewer systemic risks, topical nitroglycerin may help.
局部非甾体抗炎药有效缓解疼痛,且系统性风险较少,局部硝酸甘油可能有所帮助。Oral NSAIDs can help, but with risks. Non-selective NSAIDs with PPI or COX2 selective inhibitors are recommended in higher risk patients.
口服非甾体抗炎药可能有效,但存在风险。建议在高风险患者中使用与质子泵抑制剂或 COX2 选择性抑制剂联用的非选择性非甾体抗炎药。pioids and acetaminophen not usually helpful.
阿片类药物和对乙酰氨基酚通常无效。Glucocorticoid injections: short-term pain relief, may be used to facilitate therapy. Usually injected subacromially.
糖皮质激素注射:短期缓解疼痛,可用于辅助治疗。通常在肩峰下注射。
Surgical Treatment: 手术治疗:
Not first line for degenerative tears, when conservative fails.
保守治疗失败后,非退行性撕裂的首选治疗。Indications debated, but younger patients with smaller tears may benefit.
适应症存在争议,但年轻患者且撕裂较小者可能受益。Arthroscopic repair of tendon to humerus is common.
肩袖腱骨关节镜修复术常见。Rare complications, but post-op stiffness is seen.
并发症罕见,但术后僵硬可见。Acromioplasty not routinely recommended
不常规推荐肩峰成形术No difference when biceps tenodesis is used.
使用肱二头肌腱固定术时无差异。Not superior to sham treatment
不优于假手术治疗
Areas of Uncertainty: 不确定性领域:
Etiology/natural history of degenerative tears is poorly understood.
退行性撕裂的病因/自然病史尚不明确。Tear size/thickness correlation to symptoms is unclear.
撕裂大小/厚度与症状的相关性尚不明确。More randomized trials are needed to compare tx outcomes.
需要更多随机对照试验来比较治疗结果。Long term, biological research is needed.
从长远来看,需要进行生物学研究。
Guidelines: 指南:
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons guidelines: nonop first, then surgery
美国骨科医师学会指南:首选非手术治疗,其次手术治疗Most findings congruent with their guidelines
多数发现与其指南一致
结论与建议:
The case patient is highly suggestive of a rotator cuff tear and should be screened for depression/anxiety
病例患者高度提示存在肩袖撕裂,应筛查抑郁/焦虑症状Physical exam should evaluate supraspinatus involvement
体格检查应评估冈上肌受累情况Should have an ultrasonography
应进行超声检查Refer for physical therapy, and a physiatrist if needed
转介进行物理治疗,如有需要可转介至康复科医生Use a topical NSAID, and a corticosteroid injection if needed to limit pain for PT
使用局部非甾体抗炎药,必要时可注射皮质类固醇以减轻疼痛,便于物理治疗Follow up and refer for surgery if needed
如有需要,随访并转诊手术
03
—
关键问题问答
可盖住右侧答案,尝试自我测试
Study Question 研究问题 | Answer 答案 |
What are the most common causes of
rotator cuff tears? | Degenerative rotator cuff tears are the most common, particularly in adults over 40 years old, with prevalence increasing with age. They also occur from substantial traumatic injury 退行性肩袖撕裂最为常见,尤其在40岁以上成年人中,其患病率随年龄增长而增加。它们也可能由重大创伤性损伤引起。 |
Is there a correlation between tear size
and symptoms? | No. The size and thickness of rotator
cuff tears do not correlate well with the severity of patient symptoms (pain
and functional limitations). |
What are the first-line treatments for
degenerative rotator cuff tears? | Nonoperative treatments, especially
structured physical therapy aimed at strengthening periscapular muscles,
improving posture, and restoring range of motion. Other non-op options
include topical NSAIDs and judicious use of cortisone injections to enable
PT. |
When is surgery recommended for rotator
cuff tears? | Surgery is considered when conservative
treatment fails, particularly in younger patients with smaller tears and low
fear-avoidance behavior. It’s also helpful in traumatic tears. |
What are the limitations of current
knowledge about rotator cuff disorders? | The precise etiology and natural history
of degenerative tears are still unclear, as is the predictive ability of
current assessment for effective treatment and patient related outcomes. More
high quality RCTs are needed to explore the best therapies available |
What role do imaging techniques have in
this? | While MRI provides superior quality and
definition of the tissue, US can often be used, especially in patients for
whom the diagnosis is less certain. Imaging is not recommended in routine
primary care. |
Are biologics like PRP or stem cells
recommended for treatment? | Biologics, such as platelet-rich plasma
or stem cell treatments are not recommended at this time for rotator cuff
tears, owing to the lack of robust clinical trial data. |
What is the role of acromioplasty in
rotator cuff repair? | It is not routinely recommended, and
outcomes are not different in patients who have or do not undergo
acromioplasty in rotator cuff repair. |
Is it better to perform a biceps tenotomy
or tenodesis in addition to a cuff repair? | No, outcomes are not different in those
who have a biceps tenotomy or tenodesis compared to those that do not. |
Is there a benefit to subacromial
decompression? | No, subacromial decompression is not
superior to sham surgery in the treatment of rotator cuff tears. |
来源:内固定学习平台
会议通知 | 2024天津运动医学与关节镜学术年会暨2024环渤海肩肘论坛暨2024天津市运动医学质控中心培训会即将召开!