《新英格兰医学杂志》最新发布:退行性肩袖损伤的最新诊断与治疗方法深度解析

文摘   2024-12-16 20:00   四川  
分享一篇关于肩袖损伤的文献,这篇文章由美国学者在2024年11月27日在线发表在新英格兰医学杂志上。这个杂志的五年影响因子高达94.3分,属于一区顶刊。



01

看图片

上图概括了要点,包括四点。

  • 肩袖撕裂多为退行性、非外伤性,老年人常见。

  • 撕裂大小不一定与症状严重程度匹配。

  • 首选非手术治疗,手术是备选项。

  • 无论手术与否,多数患者预后良好。

肩袖的组成

图2 两种不同的医学影像技术如何显示肩袖撕裂的情况:磁共振成像(MRI)和超声波检查。

Panel A:T2 加权磁共振成像显示全层肩袖撕裂,以高信号(亮)区域(箭头所示)为特征。T2 加权磁共振成像 (T2-weighted MRI):这是一种特殊的磁共振成像序列,可以更好地显示组织中的液体。在T2加权图像中,富含液体的区域会显示为高信号(亮色)。全层肩袖撕裂 (full-thickness rotator-cuff tear):这表示肩袖肌腱完全断裂,从肌腱的上表面一直贯穿到下表面。高信号(亮)区域(箭头所示):箭头指向的亮白色区域是T2加权图像中肩袖撕裂的特征性表现。撕裂的部位充满了液体,因此在T2加权图像上会显得更亮。

Panel B:相应的超声检查显示肩袖撕裂,以低回声(暗)区域(箭头所示)为特征。低回声(暗)区域(箭头所示):箭头指向的暗色区域是超声图像中肩袖撕裂的特征性表现。肌腱组织在超声图像上通常表现为高回声(亮色),而撕裂的区域由于结构发生改变,会表现为低回声(暗色)。

02

论文要点


英文为准,中文仅供参考


Introduction: 引言

  • Article focuses on degenerative rotator cuff tears, a common cause of shoulder pain.

  • 文章重点讨论退行性肩袖撕裂,这是肩痛的常见原因。

  • Presents a case vignette of a 55-year-old with shoulder pain.

  • 介绍了一例 55 岁肩痛患者的病例。

The Clinical Problem: 临床问题:

  • Shoulder symptoms result in millions of physician visits annually.
    肩部症状每年导致数百万次医生就诊。

  • Rotator cuff disorder includes tendinopathy, partial/full tears, and cuff-tear arthropathy.
    肩袖疾病包括肌腱病变、部分/全层撕裂及肩袖撕裂性关节病。

  • Rotator cuff tendons: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor.
    肩袖肌腱:冈上肌、冈下肌、肩胛下肌、小圆肌。

  • Tears can be from trauma or degenerative (most common).
    撕裂可由创伤或退行性变引起(最常见)。

  • Degenerative tears usually in adults >40, prevalence increases with age.
    退行性撕裂通常发生于 40 岁以上成人,患病率随年龄增长而增加。

  • Risk factors: male sex, smoking, manual labor, vascular issues, family history.
    风险因素:男性性别、吸烟、体力劳动、血管问题、家族史。

  • Tears are more common in the dominant arm.
    撕裂伤更常见于优势臂。

  • Tears enlarge over time but size doesn't always correlate with pain or function.
    撕裂伤随时间扩大,但大小并不总是与疼痛或功能相关。

  • Fatty infiltration of the muscles linked to poorer outcomes.
    肌肉脂肪浸润与预后较差相关。

Evaluation: 评估:

  • Insidious onset of lateral shoulder pain is typical. May be asymptomatic.
    肩外侧疼痛的隐匿性发作是典型表现。可能无症状。

  • Pain may worsen at night and with overhead/behind back reaching.
    疼痛可能在夜间加重,并在举手过头或背后取物时加剧。

  • Physical exam: muscle atrophy, posture, asymmetry, range of motion, strength.
    体格检查:肌肉萎缩、姿势、不对称、活动范围、力量。

  • Standardized measurements are key to measure weakness.
    标准化测量是评估虚弱的关键。

  • Maneuvers to assess rotator cuff: Jobe, lift off tests
    评估肩袖的检查方法:Jobe 试验、抬离试验

  • Plain radiographs show related issues like OA, dislocation
    普通 X 线片显示相关问题如骨关节炎、脱位

  • MRI/US used to confirm tears, assess size/location, tendon retraction, atrophy.
    MRI/超声用于确认撕裂、评估大小/位置、肌腱回缩、萎缩。

  • US is operator-dependent, MRI is higher quality. Not used routinely in primary care.
    超声检查依赖于操作人员,磁共振成像质量更高。在初级保健中不常规使用。

  • Imaging useful when dx is uncertain, surgery is needed, or muscle damage is known.
    当诊断不确定、需要手术或已知肌肉损伤时,影像学检查有用。

Treatment: 治疗:

  • Traumatic tears - usually treated operatively.
    创伤性撕裂——通常需要手术治疗。

  • Degenerative tears - usually nonoperative initially
    退行性撕裂 - 通常初期不需手术

  • Physical therapy: periscapular strengthening, posture correction, ROM improvement.
    物理治疗:肩胛周围肌力增强、姿势矫正、关节活动度改善。

  • Specialty referral: when diagnosis is less certain, when symptoms don't improve, or surgery is required.
    专科转诊:诊断不明确时、症状无改善或需手术时。

  • Psychosocial evaluation and referral if needed.
    必要时进行心理社会评估及转介。

Nonoperative Therapies: 非手术疗法:

  • Physical therapy first line: most patients improve, factors like being married, light manual labor, and higher education suggest better outcomes, as does less fatty infiltration. High expectations also improves outcomes.
    物理治疗为首选:多数患者有所改善,已婚、轻体力劳动及较高教育程度等因素预示更好疗效,脂肪浸润较少亦然。高期望值同样有助于改善结果。

  • Psychosocial therapies: may improve outcomes when distress/depression are present
    心理社会疗法:当存在痛苦/抑郁时,可能改善治疗效果

  • Manual therapy, acupuncture, etc lack evidence
    手法治疗、针灸等缺乏证据支持

  • Topical NSAIDs effective for pain relief with fewer systemic risks, topical nitroglycerin may help.
    局部非甾体抗炎药有效缓解疼痛,且系统性风险较少,局部硝酸甘油可能有所帮助。

  • Oral NSAIDs can help, but with risks. Non-selective NSAIDs with PPI or COX2 selective inhibitors are recommended in higher risk patients.
    口服非甾体抗炎药可能有效,但存在风险。建议在高风险患者中使用与质子泵抑制剂或 COX2 选择性抑制剂联用的非选择性非甾体抗炎药。

  • pioids and acetaminophen not usually helpful.
    阿片类药物和对乙酰氨基酚通常无效。

  • Glucocorticoid injections: short-term pain relief, may be used to facilitate therapy. Usually injected subacromially.
    糖皮质激素注射:短期缓解疼痛,可用于辅助治疗。通常在肩峰下注射。

Surgical Treatment: 手术治疗:

  • Not first line for degenerative tears, when conservative fails.
    保守治疗失败后,非退行性撕裂的首选治疗。

  • Indications debated, but younger patients with smaller tears may benefit.
    适应症存在争议,但年轻患者且撕裂较小者可能受益。

  • Arthroscopic repair of tendon to humerus is common.
    肩袖腱骨关节镜修复术常见。

  • Rare complications, but post-op stiffness is seen.
    并发症罕见,但术后僵硬可见。

  • Acromioplasty not routinely recommended
    不常规推荐肩峰成形术

  • No difference when biceps tenodesis is used.
    使用肱二头肌腱固定术时无差异。

  • Not superior to sham treatment
    不优于假手术治疗

Areas of Uncertainty: 不确定性领域:

  • Etiology/natural history of degenerative tears is poorly understood.
    退行性撕裂的病因/自然病史尚不明确。

  • Tear size/thickness correlation to symptoms is unclear.
    撕裂大小/厚度与症状的相关性尚不明确。

  • More randomized trials are needed to compare tx outcomes.
    需要更多随机对照试验来比较治疗结果。

  • Long term, biological research is needed.
    从长远来看,需要进行生物学研究。

Guidelines: 指南:

  • American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons guidelines: nonop first, then surgery
    美国骨科医师学会指南:首选非手术治疗,其次手术治疗

  • Most findings congruent with their guidelines
    多数发现与其指南一致

Conclusions and Recommendations:
结论与建议:

  • The case patient is highly suggestive of a rotator cuff tear and should be screened for depression/anxiety
    病例患者高度提示存在肩袖撕裂,应筛查抑郁/焦虑症状

  • Physical exam should evaluate supraspinatus involvement
    体格检查应评估冈上肌受累情况

  • Should have an ultrasonography
    应进行超声检查

  • Refer for physical therapy, and a physiatrist if needed
    转介进行物理治疗,如有需要可转介至康复科医生

  • Use a topical NSAID, and a corticosteroid injection if needed to limit pain for PT
    使用局部非甾体抗炎药,必要时可注射皮质类固醇以减轻疼痛,便于物理治疗

  • Follow up and refer for surgery if needed
    如有需要,随访并转诊手术


03

关键问题问答

可盖住右侧答案,尝试自我测试


Study Question 研究问题

Answer 答案

What are the most common causes of  rotator cuff tears?
 肩袖撕裂的最常见原因是什么?

Degenerative rotator cuff tears are the  most common, particularly in adults over 40 years old, with prevalence  increasing with age. They also occur from substantial traumatic injury  

退行性肩袖撕裂最为常见,尤其在40岁以上成年人中,其患病率随年龄增长而增加。它们也可能由重大创伤性损伤引起。

Is there a correlation between tear size  and symptoms?
 撕裂大小与症状之间是否存在关联?

No. The size and thickness of rotator  cuff tears do not correlate well with the severity of patient symptoms (pain  and functional limitations).
 没有。肩袖撕裂的大小和厚度与患者症状(疼痛和功能受限)的严重程度之间没有很好的相关性。

What are the first-line treatments for  degenerative rotator cuff tears?
 退行性肩袖撕裂的一线治疗方法是什么?

Nonoperative treatments, especially  structured physical therapy aimed at strengthening periscapular muscles,  improving posture, and restoring range of motion. Other non-op options  include topical NSAIDs and judicious use of cortisone injections to enable  PT.
 非手术治疗,尤其是旨在增强肩胛周围肌肉、改善姿势和恢复活动范围的结构化物理治疗。其他非手术选项包括局部非甾体抗炎药和谨慎使用皮质类固醇注射以辅助物理治疗。

When is surgery recommended for rotator  cuff tears?
 何时建议对肩袖撕裂进行手术?

Surgery is considered when conservative  treatment fails, particularly in younger patients with smaller tears and low  fear-avoidance behavior. It’s also helpful in traumatic tears.
 当保守治疗失败时,尤其是对于年轻患者、撕裂较小且恐惧回避行为较低的情况,考虑手术。在创伤性撕裂中,手术也有帮助。

What are the limitations of current  knowledge about rotator cuff disorders?
 目前关于肩袖疾病知识的局限性是什么?

The precise etiology and natural history  of degenerative tears are still unclear, as is the predictive ability of  current assessment for effective treatment and patient related outcomes. More  high quality RCTs are needed to explore the best therapies available
 退变性撕裂的确切病因和自然病程仍不明确,当前评估对有效治疗和患者相关结果的预测能力亦是如此。需要更多高质量的随机对照试验来探索现有最佳疗法。

What role do imaging techniques have in  this?
 影像技术在此中扮演什么角色?

While MRI provides superior quality and  definition of the tissue, US can often be used, especially in patients for  whom the diagnosis is less certain. Imaging is not recommended in routine  primary care.
 尽管磁共振成像(MRI)提供了优越的组织质量和清晰度,超声(US)通常也可使用,特别是在诊断不太确定的病人中。常规初级保健中不推荐影像学检查。

Are biologics like PRP or stem cells  recommended for treatment?
 像富血小板血浆(PRP)或干细胞这样的生物制剂是否推荐用于治疗?

Biologics, such as platelet-rich plasma  or stem cell treatments are not recommended at this time for rotator cuff  tears, owing to the lack of robust clinical trial data.
 由于缺乏强有力的临床试验数据,目前不推荐使用富血小板血浆或干细胞治疗等生物制剂来治疗肩袖撕裂。

What is the role of acromioplasty in  rotator cuff repair?
 肩峰成形术在肩袖修复中的作用是什么?

It is not routinely recommended, and  outcomes are not different in patients who have or do not undergo  acromioplasty in rotator cuff repair.
 通常不建议常规进行,且在肩袖修复中,是否进行肩峰成形术的患者结果并无差异。

Is it better to perform a biceps tenotomy  or tenodesis in addition to a cuff repair?
 在肩袖修复之外,进行肱二头肌长头腱切断术或腱固定术是否更好?

No, outcomes are not different in those  who have a biceps tenotomy or tenodesis compared to those that do not.
 不,与未进行肱二头肌长头腱切断术或腱固定术的患者相比,结果并无差异。

Is there a benefit to subacromial  decompression?
 肩峰下减压有益处吗?

No, subacromial decompression is not  superior to sham surgery in the treatment of rotator cuff tears.
 不,肩峰下减压术在治疗肩袖撕裂方面并不优于假手术。


来源:内固定学习平台


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