他买下高知市薊野的550坪（约1800㎡）土地，在没有设计图，没有任何建筑从业资格，没有申请施工许可证的情况下，携老婆孩子一起，一家子开始DIY日后被称为“高知九龙城寨”的泽田Mansion。 他成为日本建筑史上最大的外行，单凭自己帮工的经验，花费10年时间，初建成了高5层，地下一层，时至今日住户约100户的超级违规公寓。 顺便提一句，在他咨询相关部门的时候，高知市政府部门睁一只眼闭一只眼：只要你交了手续费就行。这些也助长了泽田嘉农的自信气焰。
Towering 85 meters above the Norwegian countryside, Mjøstårnet cuts a sleek shape in the rural skyline. Housing 18 stories of restaurants, apartments, and hotel rooms, this modern building might seem out of place. But a deeper look reveals it actually blends in quite well among the forested farmlands. This is likely because Mjøstårnet is the world’s tallest wooden building, made almost entirely from the trees of neighboring forests.
85米高耸立于挪威乡间的米约萨塔(挪威语:Mjøstårnet)是乡村天际下一座精致优美的建筑设计。这座有18层楼的餐厅、公寓和酒店客房的此一现代建筑可能显得有点格格不入，但深入了解后发现它实际上相当好地融入了周边的森林与农田之中。这可能是因为米约萨塔是世界上最高的木制建筑，几乎全由邻近森林的树木所制成。
Until the end of the 20th century, engineers thought it was impossible to build a wooden building over six stories tall. Traditional boards of lumber were fairly strong against forces parallel to the wood’s fiber growth. But they were vulnerable to forces applied perpendicular to this direction. As a result, wood lacked steel’s tensile strength or concrete’s compressive strength— each necessary to support tall buildings and battle the powerful winds found at high altitudes.
直到20世纪末，工程师们一直认为不可能建造一座超过六层楼高的木制建筑。传统的木板能够坚守对抗与木材纤维生长方向平行的力量。但它们对于从垂直方向所施加的压力很脆弱——所以木材缺乏钢铁的抗拉强度或混凝土的抗压强度，而这些都是支撑高层建筑和对抗高海拔地区强风所必需的。
But the early 1890s saw the invention of glue laminated timber, or glulam. And a century later, engineers developed cross-laminated timber, or CLT These new wooden materials start out like all other lumber; a freshly cut log is sawed into smooth uniform boards of wood. Then, in the case of CLT, the boards are glued together in alternating orientations with each layer set at 90 degrees to its neighbors.
但在1890年代初发明了胶合板，又称胶合木。一个世纪后，工程师开发了交叉层压木材，或称CLT。这些新的木质材料开始时和其他木材一样；刚砍下的原木被锯成光滑均匀的木板。然后制成CLT，就是把木板以纵横的方向交替粘在一起。每一层设置为90度与其相邻。
The resulting material benefits from wood’s structural rigidity in every direction, allowing it to mimic the compressive strength of concrete and bear loads up to 20 times heavier than traditional lumber. Glulam on the other hand, glues boards together in the same direction, forming massive beams with tensile strength comparable to steel. Glulam isn’t as versatile as CLT, but its incredible strength along one direction makes it superior for load-bearing beams and columns.
由此产生的材料得益于木材在各个方向的结构刚硬度。使其能具有像混凝土那样的抗压强度，并承受比传统木材重20倍的负荷。而胶合木则是将板材沿同一方向粘合在一起形成巨大的横梁，其抗拉强度可与钢铁相媲美。胶合板不像CLT那样用途广泛，但沿着同一个方向时，却具有令人难以置信的强度使它在承重梁和柱子方面更有优势。
These engineered forms of wood could finally compete with traditional materials while also bringing their own unique set of advantages. At one-fifth the weight of concrete, building with CLT requires smaller cranes, smaller foundations, and fewer construction workers. While concrete has to undergo a time-intensive process of casting and curing in a mold, timber can be shaped quickly using computer directed cutting machines.
这些经过工程设计和改造过的木材，最终可以与传统材料竞争，同时也带来了它们自己独特的一套竞争优势。CLT的重量只有混凝土的五分之一，使用CLT的建筑需要用的起重机和地基比较小，需要用的建筑工人比较少。混凝土必须经过一个时间密集的铸造和在模具中固化的过程，而木材则可以使用计算机直接操控的切割机，快速成型。
And where concrete requires certain weather and timing conditions to be poured on site, engineered wood can be prefabricated in a factory, creating standardized parts with clear instructions for assembly. Taken together, these materials allow for faster and quieter construction, with more biodegradable materials and less waste.
混凝土需要特定的天气和时间条件才能在现场浇筑，而工程木料可以在工厂里预制，形成标准化的部件，有明确的组装说明。综上所述，这些材料可以使施工更快、更安静，使用更多的可生物降解的材料，产生更少的废料。
Once constructed, CLT and glulam buildings are also more resilient to some natural disasters. An earthquake can crack concrete, permanently weakening an entire structure. But cracked wood panels can be easily replaced. The same is true for fire safety. As temperatures rise in a CLT building, the material’s outer layer will char, insulating the inner layers for up to three hours. This is more than enough time to evacuate most buildings, and once the smoke has settled, charred panels can be swapped out— unlike melted steel beams.
一旦建成，使用CLT和胶合板的建筑对一些自然灾害的抵御能力也会更强。地震会使混凝土裂开，永久性地削弱整个结构。但是，开裂的木板可以很容易被替换。消防安全方面也是如此。在CLT建筑中，随着温度的升高，这种材料的外层会烧焦，从而产生对内层的隔热，长达三个小时之久。这段时间对于疏散大多数建筑物来说是绰绰有余的，而且一旦烟雾消散，烧焦的面板可以被换掉，不像熔化的钢梁。
But perhaps the biggest benefits of CLT and glulam are outside the construction site. Building construction is responsible for 11% of annual global carbon emissions, and the production of steel, concrete, iron, and glass are major contributors to that figure. Timber, however, is a renewable resource that can be made carbon-neutral if trees are planted to replace those cut down. Wood also has low thermal conductivity, making it easier to heat and cool buildings with less energy waste.
但CLT和胶合板最大的好处也许在建筑工地之外。建筑施工占全球年度碳排放量的11%，而钢铁、混凝土、铁和玻璃的生产是这一数字的主要贡献者。然而，木材是一种可再生资源，如果种植树木来取代被砍伐的树木，就可以实现碳中和。木材还具有低导热性，使其更容易为建筑物供暖和制冷，减少能源浪费。
Despite these advantages, CLT requires vastly more lumber than traditional wooden construction. And when compared in similar quantities, neither CLT or glulam is as strong as steel or concrete. Even Mjøstårnet isn’t made entirely of wood, as it contains concrete slabs to reinforce the upper floors.
尽管有这些优优势，CLT所需的木材要比传统的木制结构多得多。而在类似数量的比较中，CLT或胶合木都没有钢筋或混凝土那么坚固。即使是Mjøstårnet也不完全由木材制成，因为它包含了混凝土板来加固上部楼层。
Taken together, it’s unlikely that a purely wooden structure would be strong enough to support a 40-story building— the minimum height for a formal skyscraper. But even if only buildings under 30 stories were built from wood, it would reduce the carbon footprint of those structures by more than 25%. So no matter how tall these wooden buildings rise, each one contributes to the health of our concrete jungles.
综上所述，纯粹的木质结构不太可能有足够的强度来支撑40层的高楼—这是正式摩天大楼的最低高度。但即使只有30层以下的建筑是用木材建造的，它也会使这些建筑的碳足迹减少25%以上。因此，无论这些木制建筑有多高，每一栋都能对我们所处的水泥森林的健康做出贡献。
