她在自己的极简日式公寓里，将平凡的每一天经营成了大家艳羡的“神仙生活”；
有无数网友为她乐观的生活态度所治愈：
“普通的日常，却让我感受到了什么是最简单的快乐...”
Rhea每天结束工作后都很疲惫，但再累，也不能带着消极的情绪虚度夜晚。
她在家里的入门处放了一张笑脸地毯，以此提醒自己要尽情享受晚上的休闲时光。
在周末，Rhea总是睡到自然醒，再慢悠悠地给自己做上简单的brunch。
于她而言，这是对忙碌了一周的自己的犒赏，必须把想吃的美食都安排上。
累了就背上包出去放风，一杯咖啡一块蛋糕，任周围人纷纷扰扰，Rhea只管沉浸在自己的世界里，享受自己的美食。
异地一年后，老公James刚到日本因为暂时没有找到工作，两人短暂地过上了“男主内，女主外”的生活。
Rhea下班推开家门，便看到James刚做好的晚餐。
在外劳碌一整天，一推开家门，发现正在等自己的，是爱人和他刚做好的饭，Rhea觉得幸福无比。
爱人在身旁，就能让他们感受到内心的踏实与满足。
I'm going to talk today about the pleasures of everyday life. But I want to begin with a story of an unusual and terrible man. This is Hermann Goering. Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II, his designated successor. And like Hitler, Goering fancied himself a collector of art. He went through Europe, through World War II, stealing, extorting and occasionally buyingvarious paintings for his collection. And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer. Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any. So he finally found an art dealer, a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren, who sold him a wonderful Vermeer for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.And it was his favorite artwork ever.
我今天要谈谈日常生活的乐趣。但我想从一个不寻常的可怕的人的故事开始。这是赫尔曼·戈林。戈林是希特勒在第二次世界大战中的第二任指挥官，也是他的指定继任者。和希特勒一样，戈林自诩为艺术收藏家。他穿越欧洲，经历了第二次世界大战，偷窃、勒索并偶尔购买各种绘画作品以供收藏。他真正想要的是弗米尔的作品。希特勒有两个，但他没有。因此，他终于找到了一位艺术品经销商，一位名叫汉·范·米格伦的荷兰艺术品经销商，他以1000万美元的价格卖给了他一个很棒的弗米尔。这是他最喜欢的艺术品。
World War II came to an end, and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg and ultimately sentenced to death. Then the Allied forces went through his collections and found the paintings and went after the people who sold it to him. And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam and arrested Van Meegeren.Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason, which is itself punishable by death. Six weeks into his prison sentence,van Meegeren confessed.
第二次世界大战结束，戈林被捕，在纽伦堡受审，最终被判处死刑。然后，盟军翻阅了他的藏品，找到了这些画，并追查卖给他的人。在某个时候，荷兰警方进入阿姆斯特丹逮捕了范·米格伦。Van Meegeren被指控犯有叛国罪，该罪本身可判处死刑。van Meegeren入狱六周后供认不讳。
But he didn't confess to treason. He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece to that Nazi. I painted it myself; I'm a forger." Now nobody believed him. And he said, "I'll prove it. Bring me a canvas and some paint, and I will paint a Vermeer much better than I sold that disgusting Nazi. I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work." (Laughter) So they brought him in. He painted a beautiful Vermeer. And then the charges of treason were dropped. He had a lesser charge of forgery, got a year sentence and died a hero to the Dutch people. There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren, but I want to turn now to Goering, who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.
但他没有承认叛国。他说：“我没有把一件伟大的杰作卖给那个纳粹。我自己画的；我是一个伪造者。”现在没有人相信他。他说：“我会证明这一点的。给我一张画布和一些颜料，我会画一幅比我卖给那个恶心的纳粹还要好的维米尔画。我还需要酒精和吗啡，因为这是我工作的唯一方式。”（笑声）于是他们把他带了进来。他画了一幅美丽的维米尔。然后，叛国指控被撤销。他被控的伪造罪较轻，被判处一年徒刑，死得对荷兰人民来说是个英雄。关于范米格伦还有很多话要说，但我现在想谈谈戈林，他在纽伦堡被审问的照片。
Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man. Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man. His American interrogators described him as an amicable psychopath. But you could feel sympathy for the reaction he had when he was told that his favorite painting was actually a forgery. According to his biographer, "He looked as if for the first time he had discovered there was evil in the world." (Laughter) And he killed himself soon afterwards. He had discovered after all that the painting he thought was this was actually that. It looked the same, but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.
现在，所有人都认为戈林是个可怕的人。即使对纳粹来说，他也是个可怕的男人。他的美国审问者形容他是一个友善的精神病患者。但当他被告知自己最喜欢的画实际上是一幅赝品时，你会对他的反应感到同情。根据他的传记作者的说法，“他看起来好像是第一次发现世界上有邪恶。”（笑声）之后不久，他自杀了。他终于发现，他认为是这幅画的其实就是那幅画。它看起来一样，但它有不同的起源，它是不同的艺术品。
It wasn't just him who was in for a shock. Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking. And he boasted about all the great masterpieces that he himself had painted that were attributed to other artists. In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work -- people would come [from] all over the world to see it --was actually a forgery. It was not that painting, but that painting.And when that was discovered, it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.
震惊的不仅仅是他。一旦范·米格伦被审判，他就无法停止讲话。他吹嘘自己画的所有伟大的杰作都是其他艺术家的作品。特别是，《爱马仕的晚餐》被视为弗米尔最好的杰作，他的最好的作品——世界各地的人都会来看——实际上是一幅赝品。不是那幅画，而是那幅画。当它被发现时，它失去了所有的价值，被从博物馆带走。
Why does this matter? I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much? Why do we respond so much to our knowledge of where something comes from? Well there's an answer that many people would give. Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.
为什么这很重要？我是心理学家——为什么起源如此重要？为什么我们对事物的来源有如此多的反应？很多人都会给出答案。许多社会学家，如Veblen和Wolfe会争辩说，我们之所以如此重视起源，是因为我们是势利小人，因为我们关注的是地位。
Among other things, if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are, it's always better to own an original than a forgery because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries. I don't doubt that that plays some role, but what I want to convince you of today is that there's something else going on. I want to convince you that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists. What I mean by this is we don't just respond to things as we see them, or feel them, or hear them. Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs, about what they really are, what they came from,what they're made of, what their hidden nature is. I want to suggest that this is true, not just for how we think about things,but how we react to things.
除此之外，如果你想炫耀自己有多富有，有多强大，拥有一份原件总比拥有一份伪造品好，因为原件总比伪造品少。我不怀疑这起到了一定的作用，但我今天想说服你们的是，还有其他事情在发生。我想说服你们，在某种程度上，人类是天生的本质主义者。我的意思是，我们不只是对我们看到的、感觉到的或听到的东西作出反应。相反，我们的反应取决于我们的信仰，关于信仰的真正内容、来源、构成以及隐藏的本质。我想说，这是真的，不仅是因为我们对事物的思考方式，还因为我们对事情的反应方式。
So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep -- and that this isn't true just for higher level pleasures like art, but even the most seemingly simple pleasures are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences. So take food. Would you eat this? Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?" Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef. Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork. Few of you would eat it if it's a rat or a human. Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.That's not so surprising.
所以我想说，快乐是深刻的——这不仅适用于艺术等更高层次的快乐，而且即使是最看似简单的快乐也会受到我们对隐藏本质的信念的影响。所以吃点东西吧。你会吃这个吗？好吧，一个很好的答案是：“这要看情况。这是什么？”如果是猪肉，你们中的一些人会吃，但不是牛肉。如果是牛肉，你们中的一些人会吃，但不是猪肉。如果它是老鼠或人，你们中很少有人会吃它。只有当它是一块颜色奇怪的豆腐时，你们中的一些人才会吃它。这并不奇怪。
But what's more interesting is how it tastes to you will depend critically on what you think you're eating. So one demonstration of this was done with young children. How do you make childrennot just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk, but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk -- to think they taste better? It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's. They believe McDonald's food is tastier, and it leads them to experience it as tastier.
但更有趣的是，你觉得它的味道如何，关键取决于你认为你在吃什么。因此，对幼儿进行了一次演示。你如何让孩子们不仅更喜欢吃胡萝卜和喝牛奶，而且从吃胡萝卜和喝奶中获得更多乐趣——认为他们吃起来更好？很简单，你告诉他们他们来自麦当劳。他们认为麦当劳的食物更美味，这让他们觉得它更美味。
How do you get adults to really enjoy wine? It's very simple: pour it from an expensive bottle. There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff, it tastes better to you. This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.
你如何让成年人真正享受葡萄酒？很简单：从一个昂贵的瓶子里倒出来。现在有几十，甚至数百项研究表明，如果你相信你喝的是昂贵的东西，它对你来说味道会更好。这是最近用神经科学的方法做的。
They get people into a fMRI scanner, and while they're lying there, through a tube, they get to sip wine. In front of them on a screen is information about the wine. Everybody, of course, drinks exactly the same wine. But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff, parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward light up like a Christmas tree. It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more, you really experience it in a different way.
他们让人们进入功能磁共振扫描仪，当他们躺在那里时，通过一根管子，他们可以啜饮葡萄酒。在他们面前的屏幕上是关于葡萄酒的信息。当然，每个人都喝同样的酒。但如果你相信自己喝的是昂贵的东西，大脑中与快乐和奖励相关的部分就会像圣诞树一样亮起来。不仅仅是你说它更令人愉快，你说你更喜欢它，你真的以不同的方式体验它。
Or take sex. These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.And if you simply show people these pictures, they'll say these are fairly attractive people. But how attractive you find them,how sexually or romantically moved you are by them, rests critically on who you think you're looking at. You probably think the picture on the left is male, the one on the right is female. If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.
或者做爱。这些是我在一些研究中使用的刺激。如果你只是给人们看这些照片，他们会说这些人很有魅力。但你觉得他们有多吸引人，他们对你有多性感或浪漫，关键取决于你认为你在看谁。你可能认为左边的图片是男性，右边的是女性。如果这一信念被证明是错误的，那将产生影响。
It will make a difference if they turn out to be much younger or much older than you think they are. It will make a difference if you were to discover that the person you're looking at with lust is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter, your mother or father. Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido. Maybe one of the most heartening findings from the psychology of pleasure is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance. If you like somebody, they look better to you. This is why spouses in happy marriages tend to think that their husband or wife looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.
如果他们比你想象的要年轻或年长得多，这将产生不同。如果你发现你看到的那个性欲旺盛的人实际上是你儿子或女儿、母亲或父亲的化装版，那会有很大不同。了解某人的亲属通常会扼杀性欲。也许快乐心理学最令人振奋的发现之一是，除了外表好看之外，还有其他的。如果你喜欢某人，他们在你看来会更好。这就是为什么幸福婚姻中的配偶往往认为他们的丈夫或妻子比其他人认为的要好得多。
A particularly dramatic example of this comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome. So Capgras syndrome is a disorder where you get a specific delusion.Sufferers of Capgras syndrome believe that the people they love most in the world have been replaced by perfect duplicates. Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.People have murdered those that they loved, believing that they were murdering an imposter.
一个特别引人注目的例子来自一种称为Capgras综合征的神经疾病。因此，卡普格拉斯综合征是一种你会产生特定错觉的疾病。卡普格拉斯综合症患者认为，他们在世界上最爱的人已经被完美的复制品所取代。现在，Capgras综合征的结果往往是悲惨的。人们谋杀了他们所爱的人，认为他们谋杀的是骗子。
But there's at least one case where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending. This was recorded in 1931. "Research described a woman with Capgras syndromewho complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover." But that was before she got Capgras syndrome. After she got it, "She was happy to report that she has discovered that he possessed a double who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic." Of course, it was the same man,but she was seeing him in different ways.
但至少有一例卡普格拉斯综合征有一个圆满的结局。这是在1931年记录的。“研究描述了一位患有卡普格拉综合症的女性，她抱怨自己的爱人天资不足，性能力不足。”但那是在她患卡普格拉斯综合症之前。在她得到它之后，“她很高兴地报告说，她发现他拥有一个富有、刚毅、英俊和贵族的双重身份。”当然，是同一个男人，但她以不同的方式看待他。
As a third example, consider consumer products. So one reason why you might like something is its utility. You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs; and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you. But each of these three objects has value above and beyond what it can do for you based on its history.
第三个例子是消费品。所以，你可能喜欢某样东西的一个原因是它的实用性。你可以把鞋穿在脚上；你可以用高尔夫球杆打高尔夫球；嚼过的泡泡糖对你没有任何帮助。但是，这三个对象中的每一个都有其超越历史的价值。
The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction. The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears and sold for several hundreds of dollars. And in fact, there's a thriving market in the partially eaten food of beloved people. (Laughter) The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all. According to an unconfirmed report, a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars for this pair of shoes. They were the ones thrown at George Bush at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.
这些高尔夫球杆归约翰·肯尼迪所有，在拍卖会上以75万美元的价格售出。泡泡糖被流行歌星布兰妮·斯皮尔斯咀嚼过，售价数百美元。事实上，心爱的人吃了一部分的食物，市场繁荣。（笑声）鞋子也许是最值钱的。据一份未经证实的报道，一位沙特百万富翁出价1000万美元购买这双鞋。这是几年前在伊拉克记者招待会上扔给乔治·布什的。
Now this attraction to objects doesn't just work for celebrity objects. Each one of us, most people, have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable, in that it has value because of its history -- maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes -- so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back. You could get something that looked like it or felt like it, but you couldn't get the same object back.
现在，这种对物品的吸引力不仅仅适用于名人物品。我们每个人，大多数人，在我们的生活中都有一些不可替代的东西，因为它的历史有价值——也许是你的结婚戒指，也许是你孩子的婴儿鞋——所以如果它丢失了，你就找不回来了。你可以得到看起来或感觉像它的东西，但你不能得到同样的东西。
With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck, we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters for the objects that people like. So in one of our experiments, we asked people to name a famous person who they adored, a living person they adored.
与我的同事乔治·纽曼（George Newman）和吉尔·迪森德鲁克（Gil Diesendruck）一起，我们探讨了什么样的因素，什么样的历史，对人们喜欢的物品来说至关重要。所以在我们的一个实验中，我们让人们说出一个他们崇拜的名人，一个他们热爱的活着的人。
So one answer was George Clooney. Then we asked them,"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?" And the answer is a fair amount -- more than you would pay for a brand new sweater or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore. Then we asked other groups of subjects -- we gave them different restrictions and different conditions.
一个答案是乔治·克鲁尼。然后我们问他们：“你会花多少钱买乔治·克鲁尼的毛衣？”答案是合理的——比你买一件全新的毛衣或一件你不喜欢的人拥有的毛衣要多。然后我们询问了其他组受试者——我们给他们不同的限制和条件。
So for instance, we told some people, "Look, you can buy the sweater,but you can't tell anybody you own it, and you can't resell it."That drops the value of it, suggesting that that's one reason why we like it. But what really causes an effect is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it, but before it gets to you, it's thoroughly washed." That causes a huge drop in the value. As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."
例如，我们告诉一些人，“看，你可以买这件毛衣，但你不能告诉任何人你拥有它，也不能转售。”这降低了它的价值，表明这是我们喜欢它的一个原因。但真正产生影响的是你告诉人们，“看，你可以转售，你可以夸耀，但在它到达你之前，它已经彻底清洗了。”这导致了价值的大幅下降。正如我妻子所说，“你已经洗掉了克鲁尼的虱子。”
So let's go back to art. I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall. If people want to get me something at the end of the conference, you could buy me a Chagall. But I don't want a duplicate, even if I can't tell the difference. That's not because, or it's not simply because, I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original. Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history. In the case of artwork, the history is special indeed.
所以让我们回到艺术上来。我喜欢夏加尔。我喜欢夏加尔的作品。如果有人想在会议结束时给我买点东西，你可以给我买一辆夏加尔。但我不想要复制品，即使我看不出有什么区别。这并不是因为，或者不仅仅是因为，我是个势利小人，想吹嘘自己有一个原创作品。相反，这是因为我想要有特定历史的东西。就艺术品而言，历史确实很特别。
The philosopher Denis Dutton in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct" makes the case that, "The value of an artwork is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation." And that could explain the difference between an original and a forgery. They may look alike, but they have a different history. The original is typically the product of a creative act, the forgery isn't. I think this approach can explain differences in people's taste in art.
哲学家丹尼斯·达顿（Denis Dutton）在其精彩的著作《艺术本能》（The Art Instinct）中提出了这样的观点：“艺术品的价值植根于对其创作背后的人类表现的假设。”这可以解释原作和赝品之间的区别。他们可能看起来很像，但他们有不同的历史。原件通常是创造性行为的产物，而伪造不是。我认为这种方法可以解释人们在艺术品味上的差异。
This is a work by Jackson Pollock. Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock? Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?They just don't like it. I'm not going to make a claim about who's right, but I will make an empirical claim about people's intuitions, which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock, you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it to believe that these works are difficult to create, that they require a lot of time and energy and creative energy.
这是杰克逊·波洛克的作品。这里谁喜欢杰克逊·波洛克的作品？可以这里的谁，这对他们没有任何帮助？他们只是不喜欢。我不打算断言谁是对的，但我会根据经验断言人们的直觉，也就是说，如果你喜欢杰克逊·波洛克的作品，你会比那些不喜欢它的人更倾向于相信这些作品很难创作，它们需要大量的时间、精力和创造力。
I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example because there's a young American artist who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock, and her work was worth many tens of thousands of dollars -- in large part because she's a very young artist.
我特意以杰克逊·波洛克为例，因为有一位年轻的美国艺术家以杰克森·波洛克的风格作画，她的作品价值数万美元，很大程度上是因为她是一位非常年轻的艺术家。
This is Marla Olmstead who did most of her work when she was three years old. The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead is her family made the mistake of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house to film her painting. And they then reported that her father was coaching her. When this came out on television, the value of her art dropped to nothing. It was the same art, physically, but the history had changed.
这是玛拉·奥姆斯特德，她在三岁时完成了大部分工作。关于玛拉·奥姆斯特德，有趣的是，她的家人犯了一个错误，邀请电视节目《60分钟II》到他们家来拍摄她的画。然后他们报告说，她的父亲正在辅导她。当这件事在电视上播出时，她的艺术价值一落千丈。这是同样的艺术，但历史已经改变了。
I've been focusing now on the visual arts, but I want to give two examples from music. This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist. And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment. The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell, the music of Joshua Bell, if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell? So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin down to a Washington D.C. subway station and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make. And here's a brief clip of this.
我现在专注于视觉艺术，但我想举两个音乐方面的例子。这是约书亚·贝尔，一位非常著名的小提琴家。《华盛顿邮报》记者吉恩·温加特决定让他参加一项大胆的实验。问题是：如果人们不知道自己在听约书亚·贝尔的音乐，他们会喜欢约书亚·贝尔的音乐吗？于是，他让约书亚·贝尔（JoshuaBell）带着价值数百万美元的小提琴来到华盛顿特区的一个地铁站，站在角落里，看看他能赚多少钱。这里有一个简短的剪辑。
After being there for three-quarters of an hour, he made 32 dollars. Not bad. It's also not good. Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell, you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell. He actually made 20 dollars more than that, but he didn't count it. Because this woman comes up -- you see at the end of the video -- she comes up. She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before at this extravagant black-tie affair. So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station. So she's struck with pity. She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.
在那里呆了四分之三小时后，他赚了32美元。不错。这也不好。显然，要真正欣赏约书亚·贝尔的音乐，你必须知道你在听约书亚·贝尔的音乐。他实际上比那多挣了20美元，但他没有数出来。因为这个女人出现了——你在视频的结尾看到了——她出现了。几周前，她在国会图书馆听到了他在这场奢侈的黑领结事件中的讲话。所以她惊讶地发现他站在地铁站。所以她很同情。她把手伸进钱包，递给他一张20英镑的钞票。
The second example from music is from John Cage's modernist composition, "4'33"." As many of you know, this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench, opens up the piano and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds -- that period of silence. And people have different views on this. But what I want to point out is you can buy this from iTunes. (Laughter) For a dollar 99, you can listen to that silence, which is different than other forms of silence.
音乐的第二个例子来自约翰·凯奇的现代主义作品《4'33》。“你们很多人都知道，这是钢琴师坐在长凳上，打开钢琴，坐在那里，在四分三十三秒的时间里什么也不做的乐曲——这段沉默。人们对此有不同的看法。但我想指出的是，你可以从iTunes买这个。（笑声）花99美元，你可以听这种沉默，这与其他形式的沉默不同。
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure, but what I want to suggest is that everything I've said applies as well to pain. And how you think about what you're experiencing, your beliefs about the essence of it, affect how it hurts. One lovely experiment was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner. What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates to an electric shock machine. And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks. So it was a series of five painful shocks.
到目前为止，我一直在谈论快乐，但我想建议的是，我所说的一切同样适用于痛苦。你如何看待你所经历的，你对它本质的信念，会影响它的伤害程度。库尔特·格雷和丹·韦格纳做了一个有趣的实验。他们所做的是将哈佛大学的本科生连接到一台电击机上。他们给他们一系列痛苦的电击。因此，这是一系列五次痛苦的电击。
Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks by somebody in another room, but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks. There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button. The first shock is recorded as very painful.The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.
一半的人被告知他们正在另一个房间里受到电击，但另一个屋子里的人不知道他们在给他们电击。没有恶意，他们只是按动按钮。第一次电击被记录为非常痛苦。第二次电击感觉不那么痛苦，因为你已经习惯了。
The third drops, the fourth, the fifth. The pain gets less. In the other condition, they're told that the person in the next roomis shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.The first shock hurts like hell. The second shock hurts just as much, and the third and the fourth and the fifth. It hurts more if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.
第三滴，第四滴，第五滴。疼痛减轻了。在另一种情况下，他们被告知隔壁房间的人故意触电他们——知道他们在触电他们。第一次电击痛得要命。第二次电击同样痛，第三次、第四次和第五次。如果你认为有人故意对你这样做，那会更痛苦。
The most extreme example of this is that in some cases, pain under the right circumstances can transform into pleasure.Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property that will often seek out low-level doses of pain in controlled circumstances and take pleasure from it -- as in the eating of hot chili peppers and roller coaster rides. The point was nicely summarized by the poet John Milton who wrote, "The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven."
这方面最极端的例子是，在某些情况下，在适当的环境下，痛苦可以转化为快乐。人类有一种非常有趣的特性，在可控的环境中，人们常常会寻找低剂量的疼痛，并从中获得快乐——比如吃辣椒和坐过山车。诗人约翰·米尔顿（John Milton）很好地总结了这一点，他写道：“心灵是它自己的地方，它本身可以创造地狱之天堂，天堂之地狱。”
And I'll end with that. Thank you.
我将以此结束。非常感谢。
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