WIPO中国：Mi’kmaw文化旅游的核心——正宗纯正

洛蕾塔·古尔德的这幅作品名为“Never Alone©”，表现Mi’kmaw人与自己的历史和社区的深刻羁绊。在艰难时期，他们向祖先寻求力量和指导，因为知道自己从不孤单。（图：洛蕾塔·古尔德提供）

This work entitled, “Never Alone©,” by Loretta Gould, expresses the Mi’kmaw people’s deep connection with their history and communities. In times of struggle, they call upon their ancestors for strength and guidance, knowing they are never alone. (Photo: Courtesy of Loretta Gould)

香农·蒙克：Mi’kmaw人是Mi’kmaq土地（Mi’kma’ki）的原住民。其传统上的土地从新斯科舍省、爱德华王子岛省和新不伦瑞克省一直延伸到纽芬兰与拉布拉多省。Mi'kma'ki还延伸到魁北克部分地区和美利坚合众国东海岸。我总是从这里开始解释，因为属于加拿大和世界各地众多土著人民的土地边界均受到殖民历史的影响。我们兄弟姐妹的传统领地超出殖民化强加的边界。

Shannon Monk: The Mi’kmaw people are the original people of Mi’kma’ki – the land of the Mi’kmaq. Their traditional lands extend from the provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick to Newfoundland and Labrador. Mi’kma’ki also extends into parts of Quebec and along the Eastern seaboard of the United States. I always begin by explaining this because the boundaries of the lands belonging to so many Indigenous peoples across Canada and around the world have been impacted by their colonial past. Our brothers’ and sisters’ traditional territories extend beyond the borders imposed by colonisation.

Mi’kmaq具有极强的社区意识，是热情好客、和睦友好的民族。在18世纪，Mi’kmaq人与来到这片土地的移民缔结了一系列和平友好条约。这些条约以和平友好地共享土地和资源的理念为基础。

Mi’kmaq are strongly community-oriented and are known as a very warm, friendly, and welcoming people. In the 1700s, the Mi’kmaq engaged in a series of Peace and Friendship Treaties with the immigrants to this land. Those treaties were based on the concept of sharing land and resources in peace and friendship.

然而，1876年《印第安人法》的颁布剥夺了土著人民对自己土地的使用权，第一民族被赶至保留区。就这样开始了更现代的压迫制度，夺走了我们人民的权利，对自己土地的使用，也剥夺了他们的传统生活方式。在殖民时期的许多年里，使用我们的语言和文化传统是违法的。经过150多年的殖民统治，我们的许多社区在社会和经济上均处于劣势。

However, the enactment of the Indian Act of 1876 deprived Indigenous peoples of access to their land and First Nations people were put on reserves. So began a more modern system of oppression that took away our peoples' rights, access to their lands, and to their traditional way of living. For many years, during the colonial period, it was illegal to practice our language and our cultural traditions. Many of our communities have been socially and economically disadvantaged from more than 150 years of colonial rule.

令人欣慰的是，在过去20年里，Mi’kmaw人实现了支持经济发展和自给自足的重大转变。尽管我们面临诸多挑战，但仍有许多人讲我们的语言，那些生活在陆地上的族人继续狩猎、捕鱼并采集天然原料用于传统医药。我们仍在这里并且充满活力。但那是一段煎熬。许多Mi’kmaw社区仍在重拾自己文化的路上。

Thankfully, over the last 20 years, there has been a big shift towards supporting the economic development and self-sufficiency of the Mi’kmaw people. Despite the many challenges we face, many people still speak our language, and those who are land-based continue to hunt, fish, and gather natural ingredients for traditional medicine. We are still here, and we are vibrant. But it is a struggle. Many Mi’kmaw communities are still in the process of reclaiming their culture.

Mi’kmaq人生活在加拿大东海岸的Mi’kma’ki（Mi’kmaq土地），称为黎明之族。鼓对于他们是神圣的，代表地球母亲的心跳。依照Mi’kmaw的习俗，鼓要心怀崇敬和尊重使用。制鼓技艺通过仪式和口头传说代代相传。（图：Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn）

The Mi’kmaq live in Mi’kma’ki (land of the Mi’kmaq) on the East Coast of Canada and are known as the People of the Dawn. The drum is sacred to them, representing the heartbeat of Mother Earth. It is used with reverence and respect, following Mi’kmaw protocols. Drum-making skills are passed down from generation to generation through ceremony and oral tradition. (Photo: Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn)

在新斯科舍发展Mi’kmaw文化旅游的想法是如何产生的？

How did the idea of developing Mi’kmaw cultural tourism in Nova Scotia come about?

围绕文化旅游的讨论大约始于20年前，期间经历起起伏伏。2016年，新斯科舍Mi’kmaw酋长大会支持制定文化旅游战略，这带来了真正的推动力。这项战略于2019年获得通过，我于2020年受聘推进其制定和实施。

The conversation around cultural tourism began around 20 years ago. There have been highs and lows. In 2016, the Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi’kmaw Chiefs supported the development of a cultural tourism strategy and that gave things a real impetus. The Strategy was adopted in 2019, and I was hired in 2020, to advance its development and implementation.

该战略之所以重要，是因为新斯科舍省的经济可持续性和成功几乎完全来自旅游业。旅游业是我们第一大经济来源。世界各地的人到新斯科舍旅游；这里风景优美，拥有广阔的自然风光、野生动物和海滩。或许人们来这里其中一个最重要的原因是这里热情好客的人让他们感到安心。

The strategy is important because the province of Nova Scotia derives its economic sustainability and success almost entirely from tourism. Tourism is our number one economic generator. People from all over the world visit Nova Scotia; it's a really beautiful spot with great access to nature, wildlife and beaches. Probably one of the most important reasons why people come here is because they feel safe among people who are friendly and welcoming.

五个世纪前，Mi’kmaw人欢迎抵达他们国家的新移民，以和平、友好和热情迎接他们，而非发动战争，但是没有得到什么回报。事实上，我们的社区在压迫性法律下饱受煎熬。挺过黑暗时代之后，我们如今能够做独一无二的自己。这是重拾我们文化遗产的重要部分。再一次，我们以古老的方式欢迎世界各地的人来我们的领土。不同的是，今天，我们展示自己是谁，并且确保我们的社区享受文化旅游的经济效益。

Five centuries ago, rather than waging war, the Mi’kmaw people welcomed newcomers to their country, offering them peace, friendship, and hospitality, but gained little in return. Indeed, our communities suffered under oppressive laws. Having emerged from these dark times, we are now able to be uniquely ourselves. This is an important part of reclaiming our cultural heritage. Once again, in our age-old way, we are welcoming the world to our territory. The difference is that today, we are shining a light on who our people are and we’re ensuring our communities enjoy the economic benefits of cultural tourism.

知识产权如何契合Mi’kmaw社区价值观？

How do intellectual property (IP) rights fit into Mi’kmaw community values?

提升Mi’kmaw社区的知识产权认识是一个持续的教育过程。社区领袖通常熟悉知识产权，但一般来说，社区内的人并不真正谈论知识产权，也不明白知识产权与其日常生活息息相关。在过去的两年半里，我们从“正宗”的价值角度对待知识产权。在社区内建立对这些问题的认识和理解需要时间。

Raising IP awareness within Mi’kmaw communities is an ongoing education process. Community leaders are typically familiar with IP rights, but in general, people within the community don’t really talk about IP or see that it is relevant to their daily lives. Over the last two and half years, we've approached IP in terms of the value of “authenticity.” It takes time to build awareness and understanding of these issues within the community.

其中一个巨大的挑战是如何处理集体与个人知识产权。我们知道目前尚无强有力的知识产权机制为集体权利提供支持。我们在社区内听到的主要担忧是，非Mi’kmaw人正在利用Mi’kmaw文化元素制作产品并出售。问题的根源在于，我们没有任何法律途径可以说：“嘿，你不应这样做！”

One of the big challenges has been how to handle the collective versus the individual IP. We know there are no strong IP mechanisms in place to support collective rights. The main concern we hear within our communities is that non-Mi’kmaw people are taking elements of Mi’kmaw culture to create products and sell them. The source of the problem is that we don't have any legal way to say, “Hey, you shouldn't do that!”

我们完成商标注册后，Mi’kmaw社区将能够更好地向更广阔的市场出售这些文化产品，并扩大支持网络。当然，这些机会也需要与社区成员对Mi’kmaw族的责任相平衡。这些责任包括致力于维护Mi’kmaw族的价值观和原则，其中包含致力于了解正宗Mi’kmaw意味着什么。鉴于此，我们正在计划各种讲习班，使社区成员能够掌握建立和管理作为正宗商标的Mi’kmaw品牌所需的技能。

When we finalize the registration of our trademark, the Mi’kmaw communities will be better placed to sell these cultural goods to a broader market and to expand their support network. Of course, those opportunities also need to be balanced against the responsibility that community members have towards the Mi’kmaw Nation. These responsibilities include a commitment to uphold the values and principles of the Mi’kmaw Nation, including a commitment to learn what it means to be authentically Mi’kmaw. In light of this, we are planning various workshops to enable community members to acquire the skills they need to build and manage the Mi’kmaw brand as a mark of authenticity.

洛蕾塔·古尔德的这幅作品名为“Guided by my Spirit©”，表现Mi’kmaw人与其传统领地内的土地和动物之间的精神连接。许多Mi’kmaw家族都属于代表这一特殊连接的特定动物族系。（图：洛蕾塔·古尔德提供）

This work, entitled “Guided by my Spirit©” by Loretta Gould expresses the the Mi’kmaw people’s spiritual connection with the land and animals within their traditional territories. Many Mi’kmaw families belong to specific animal clans that represent this special connection. (Photo: Courtesy of Loretta Gould)

在线阅读访谈全文，进一步了解Mi’kmaw文化旅游。

Read the full interview online and learn more about Mi’kmaw Cultural Tourism.

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