动画演示药物在人体内的吸收方式丨医学英语视听学习

学术   2024-11-21 17:01   河南  

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How Medications Get Absorbed By Your Body
药物在人体内的吸收方式

Medication absorption is the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. 
药物吸收是药物从给药部位进入血液循环的过程。

Oral drugs enter the stomach where they either dissolve and pass through the cell membranes of epithelial cells lining the stomach or travel undissolved through the stomach to the small intestine, which is the most common site of absorption. 
口服药物进入,或溶解扩散,穿过胃黏膜上皮细胞膜,或不溶解,通过胃到达最常见的吸收部位--小肠

Here, drugs dissolve and pass through the intestinal wall. Oral drugs then travel through the portal venous system to the liver, where they undergo the first pass effect
药物在小肠溶解,穿过肠壁。然后,口服药物通过门静脉系统到达肝脏,发生首过效应

During this process, the liver metabolizes some of the drug, either inactivating it or excreting it into bile for elimination from the body. The remaining amount of active drug leaves the liver and reaches general circulation and target organs
在此过程中,肝脏代谢一些药物,或使其失活,或将其排泄到胆汁中,然后排出体外。残余的活性药物离开肝脏,到达全身循环靶器官

If a drug is administered via intravenous injection, it passes directly into the bloodstream, thus bypassing absorption in the GI tract. 
如果静脉注射给药,则药物将直接进入血流,从而绕过胃肠道吸收。

If administered through intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, the drug enters either muscle or subcutaneous tissue, where it passes through gaps between cells into capillary walls and then into general circulation or target organs, also bypassing absorption in the GI tract. 
如果肌内皮下注射给药,则药物将进入肌肉或皮下组织,通过细胞之间的间隙,透过毛细血管壁,进入全身循环或靶器官,这也会绕过胃肠道吸收。

Bioavailability is the net amount of a dose of a drug that is actually absorbed into the bloodstream. The bioavailability of oral drugs is less than 100% because of the first pass effect of the liver. In contrast, the bioavailability of IV drugs is 100% because they are not exposed to the first pass effect of the liver. 
生物利用度是实际吸收到血流中的药物净剂量。由于肝首过效应,口服药物的生物利用度低于 100%。相反,由于绕过了肝首过效应,IV 药物的生物利用度是 100%。

Different drug formulations alter bioavailability, because they are not absorbed at the same rate or to the same extent. For example, tablets dissolve at varying rates. 
不同药物制剂的生物利用度不同,因为它们的吸收速度和程度不同。例如,片剂以不同的速度溶解。

Enteric coated drugs dissolve in the small intestine, not the stomach. Because gastric emptying time differs between individuals, absorption times also vary. 
肠溶性药物在小肠内溶解,而不是胃。不同个体的胃排空时间不同,因此药物的吸收时间也不同。

Sustained release formulas contain tiny spheres that dissolve at different rates, resulting in a steady drug release throughout the day, but also resulting in variable absorption.  
缓释制剂包含以不同速度溶解的微小球体,导致药物全天稳定释放,但也导致不同的吸收。

  • Some factors affecting drug absorption are the rate of dissolution. Drugs that dissolve faster are absorbed faster. 
  • 影响药物吸收的因素包括溶出速度溶解较快的药物吸收更快。

  • Surface area, since the lining of the small intestine has more surface area than the lining of the stomach, most drugs are absorbed faster in the small intestine. 
  • 表面积,由于小肠黏膜的表面积比胃黏膜大,因此大多数药物在小肠内吸收得更快。

  • Blood flow, the greater the concentration gradient between the drug-filled stomach and the rapidly flowing drug-free blood, the faster the absorption. 
  • 血流量,充满药物的胃与快速流动的无药物血液之间的浓度梯度越大,吸收速度越快!

  • Lipid solubility, highly lipid soluble drugs pass through the phospholipids in the cell membrane more easily than drugs of low lipid solubility. 
  • 脂溶度,高脂溶性药物比低脂溶性药物更容易通过细胞膜磷脂

  • And PH partitioning, absorption is faster when the difference between the PH at the site of administration and the PH of the plasma attracts more drug molecules to ionize in the plasma. 
  • PH-分配,当给药部位的 PH 与血浆 PH 之间的差异吸引更多药物分子在血浆中电离时,药物吸收更快!


相关单词学习

  • Bioavailability

①发音和释义

bi•o•a•vail•a•bil•i•ty/ˌbaɪoʊrˌveɪlə'bɪlɪtɪ/n. 生物利用度
The extent to which a nutrient or medication can be used by the body.

单词 bioavailability 由下列成分构成

bio-(构词成分)生物的
+
availability 有用(效)性,(有效)利用率

  • Enteric

en•ter•ic/enˈterɪk/adj. 肠的
Of or pertaining to the enteron or intestinal.

单词 enteric 由下列成分构成

enter-(前缀)肠
+
-ic(后缀)...…的
(图源:太帅图库)
  • Phospholipid

phos•pho•lip•id/fɒsfə'lɪpɪd/n. 磷脂
Any of a group of fatty compounds, as lecithin, composed of phosphoric esters, and occurring in living cells. 

单词 phospholipid 由下列成分构成

phospho- 磷酸
+
lipid 脂质
(图源:太帅图库)
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