黎巴嫩人到底凭什么在非洲混得风生水起? Success of Lebanese in African Countries

文摘   教育   2024-08-26 02:14   安哥拉  

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Every time I travel to Angola and other West African countries for business, I almost always run into Lebanese entrepreneurs. What's even more interesting is that whenever the local partners bring up the Lebanese, their expressions quickly shift to a curious mix of envy and admiration. And honestly, who can blame them? The Lebanese just seem to have this magic touch—anything they get into, they make it work.


Lebanon, this small Middle Eastern country, has now practically become synonymous with people looking to move out. Despite the domestic turmoil and economic crisis back home, the Lebanese, much like the Jewish diaspora, have made their mark all around the world, especially in West Africa. Imagine this: a country's overseas diaspora outnumbers its domestic population by two or three times! In the streets of Côte d'Ivoire and Angola, whether it's a corner shop, a high-end hotel, a fancy restaurant, or a large supermarket, almost all of them are run by Lebanese. It's safe to say that the Lebanese have become an undeniable economic force in this region. So, how exactly have they managed to pull this off?


每次我到安哥拉和西非国家出差,几乎总能遇到那些做生意的黎巴嫩人。更有意思的是,每当和本地的合作伙伴聊起黎巴嫩人,他们的表情立马变成了一种微妙的“羡慕嫉妒恨”(谁能不嫉妒?毕竟人家就是有那种‘随便什么都能搞定’的魔力)。

黎巴嫩,这个小小的中东国家,如今已经成了“跑出来”的代名词。别看国内的局势动荡,经济濒临崩溃,但黎巴嫩人早就像犹太人一样,脚步遍布世界各地,特别是在西非。想象一下,一个国家的海外移民数量是本国人口的两到三倍!而在科特迪瓦和安哥拉的大街小巷,无论是路边小卖部,还是高档酒店、餐厅和大型超市,都几乎无一例外地由黎巴嫩人经营。可以说,黎巴嫩人已在这些遥远的非洲国家建立起庞大的商业帝国。那么,他们到底是如何做到的呢?

文 | Caroline Liang


黎巴嫩人:从内战到全球商业巨头

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Lebanese: From Civil War Survivors to Global Business Titans

When people think of the business giants in Africa, they often first think of the Chinese, Indians, or Israelis. But did you know? In African countries like Angola and Côte d’Ivoire, a group of Lebanese entrepreneurs is also thriving! These Lebanese have leveraged their adaptability and strong community support to build successful businesses. Today, I’d like to talk about the Lebanese people and their influence.


The Power of Historical Migration:

The history of Lebanese migration to Africa dates back over a century. Back then, Lebanon was under Ottoman rule, and life was far from easy. Later, the Lebanese Civil War from 1975 to 1990 and subsequent political instability drove many Lebanese to leave their homeland in search of more stable living conditions. Many found opportunity in Africa. From Senegal to Côte d’Ivoire, and all the way to Angola, Lebanese footprints can be found throughout the continent.


Today, the number of Lebanese people around the world is estimated to be between 10 to 15 million, far exceeding the population within Lebanon itself. In West Africa and Angola, Lebanese people have transitioned from running small businesses, like selling needles and threads, to now engaging in food import-export, supermarket chains, car dealerships, and even gold mining. After decades of hard work, they have become an integral part of the local economies.


To put it bluntly, one of the main reasons Lebanese chose Africa is the prospect of “striking gold.” The African market is vast and less competitive, making it ideal for those enterprising small business owners. Initially, many Lebanese started with small-scale retail, such as opening a shop or becoming a street vendor. Over time, through hard work and smart business practices, they expanded their operations and became major players across various industries.


聊到非洲的商界大佬,很多人会先想到中国人、印度人或者是以色列人。但是你知道吗?在安哥拉和科特迪瓦等非洲国家,有一群黎巴嫩商人同样玩得风生水起!这些黎巴嫩人,靠着一股适应能力和社区支持的劲儿,把生意做得有声有色。今天很想跟大家一起来聊聊黎巴嫩人。


历史迁徙的力量:‍‍‍‍

话说,黎巴嫩人移民到非洲的历史可以追溯到一个多世纪前。当时的黎巴嫩还在奥斯曼帝国的统治下,日子过得并不舒坦。后来,1975年到1990年的黎巴嫩内战和政治动荡更是让很多黎巴嫩人背井离乡,寻找更稳定的生活环境。于是,很多黎巴嫩人就看上了非洲这片机遇之地,从塞内加尔到科特迪瓦,再到安哥拉,都有他们的身影。


如今,全球的黎巴嫩人数量估计达到1000万到1500万,远远超过国内人口。在西非和安哥拉,黎巴嫩人从最初的针头线小生意,到如今涉足食品进出口、超市、汽车代理,甚至黄金铁矿等各个行业,他们通过几十年的深耕,已经成为当地经济中不可或缺的力量。


说白了,黎巴嫩人之所以选择非洲,一大原因还是为了“捞金”。非洲市场大,竞争少,特别适合那些敢打敢拼的小商人们。黎巴嫩人刚开始的时候,大多从事小规模的零售生意,比如开个小店或者做个小贩,慢慢地,他们靠着勤奋和聪明才智把生意做大,成为了各行各业的重要玩家。


科特迪瓦的黎巴嫩商人:从小店到大企业

Lebanese Entrepreneurs in Côte d’Ivoire: From Small Shops to Major Enterprises
In Côte d’Ivoire, Lebanese businesspeople have nearly monopolized everything from small retail outlets to luxury hotels and large supermarket chains. Their success in the country is not only due to their business acumen but also to the deep relationships they have cultivated with local governments and communities. The Lebanese Chamber of Commerce in Côte d’Ivoire plays a crucial role by regulating industry practices and pricing strategies, thereby avoiding cutthroat competition and enabling Lebanese entrepreneurs to achieve long-term stability. Moreover, Lebanese individuals prioritize learning local languages and cultures, allowing them to integrate more seamlessly into Ivorian society and build trust.

The Secret to Success: Steady Growth and Strategic Integration
The relationship between Lebanese entrepreneurs and local government leaders in Côte d’Ivoire is as deeply rooted as a century-old tree, weathering the dry seasons, rainy seasons, civil unrest, and even epidemics. Lebanese businesspeople’s ability to thrive under such challenging conditions is no accident. The Lebanese Chamber of Commerce has been pivotal in this success, not only by regulating business practices and standardizing pricing to prevent harmful competition but also by providing a unifying force. Some even say that the influence of the Lebanese Chamber of Commerce chairman surpasses that of the Lebanese government officials stationed locally. This spirit of unity and collaboration has solidified the Lebanese community’s unshakeable position in West African commerce.

Business Savvy: Multilingualism, Cultural Integration, and Family-Owned Enterprises
•Multilingual Advantage:
Almost all Lebanese people speak English and French, and many also learn local languages. This linguistic versatility allows them to move freely across West Africa, engaging directly with government officials and other businesspeople without needing interpreters. In contrast, many Chinese businesses are often limited to specific markets due to language barriers, lacking the flexibility and ease of communication that Lebanese entrepreneurs enjoy.
Cultural Integration and Family-Run Operations:
Lebanese businesspeople typically follow a family-run business model and hire many local employees to manage their operations. This approach not only helps address high unemployment rates but also fosters strong relationships with local governments and communities. It reinforces their business networks and facilitates deeper integration into the local society. By contrast, Chinese companies often rely on their own staff, which can hinder their ability to penetrate the local market and build organic connections with the community.

From Small Shops to Industry Leaders: The Expansion of Lebanese Businesses
Lebanese entrepreneurs are adept at starting by representing various well-known global brands, using this foothold to accumulate initial capital and eventually dominate the market. In Côte d’Ivoire’s automotive industry, for instance, Lebanese players are significant. They represent multiple brands and hold a leading market position. This methodical, step-by-step approach has enabled Lebanese businesspeople to carve out a vital role in West Africa’s economic landscape, transitioning from small shops to major industry players.


科特迪瓦的黎巴嫩商人:从小店到大企业

在科特迪瓦,黎巴嫩商人几乎垄断了从小型零售到高档酒店和大型超市的所有行业。他们在这里的成功不仅源于商业智慧,还在于与当地政府和社区建立的深厚关系。黎巴嫩商会在科特迪瓦起到了关键作用,通过规范行业操作和价格策略,避免了恶性竞争,使黎巴嫩商人能够长期稳定地发展。此外,黎巴嫩人注重学习当地语言和文化,使他们能更好地融入当地社会,建立信任关系。


经商的秘诀:稳扎稳打和高效整合

这些黎巴嫩商人和当地政府高层的关系就像根深蒂固的百年老树一样,经历过旱季、雨季,甚至内战动乱和疾病肆虐,都屹立不倒。黎巴嫩商人能够在如此恶劣的条件下找到生存之道,绝非偶然。黎巴嫩商会在其中扮演了重要角色,商会不仅规范行业操作,统一定价,避免恶性竞争,甚至有人说,黎巴嫩商会主席的地位要远高于黎巴嫩驻当地的政府官员。这种团结协作的精神,使得黎巴嫩商人在西非的商业地位难以撼动。


经商智慧:多语言、多文化与家族经营

-多语言的优势:

黎巴嫩人几乎人人都会英语和法语,甚至一些当地语言。这使得他们能够在整个西非地区自由往来,与各国政府官员和商人直接交流,而无需翻译。相比之下,很多中国企业因为语言障碍而局限于特定的市场,无法像黎巴嫩人那样灵活自如。

-融入当地文化,家族式经营:

黎巴嫩商人通常采用家族经营模式,并雇佣大量当地人管理运营。这样不仅解决了当地的高失业率问题,也有助于与当地政府和社区建立良好关系。这种模式不仅稳固了他们的商业网络,也帮助他们更好地融入当地社会。相比之下,中国企业常常依赖自身员工,难以深入本地市场,缺乏与当地社会的有机联系。


从小商店到行业巨头:黎巴嫩人的商业扩展

黎巴嫩商人擅长从代理各种世界知名品牌起步,积累原始资本,逐渐垄断市场。例如在科特迪瓦的汽车行业,黎巴嫩人是不可忽视的玩家。他们代理多个品牌,在市场上占据主导地位。这种从小到大、稳扎稳打的方式,使得黎巴嫩商人在西非的经济版图中占据了重要位置。


安哥拉的黎巴嫩商人:建立商业帝国

Lebanese Entrepreneurs in Angola: Building a Business Empire

While Lebanese business activities in Angola share some similarities with those in Côte d’Ivoire, there are also significant differences. In Côte d’Ivoire, Lebanese businesspeople primarily establish their roots through retail, food import-export, and high-end services. However, in Angola, their business reach extends much broader and deeper, encompassing not only consumer goods and retail but also construction, manufacturing, and resource extraction industries. These differences highlight the distinct strategies and adaptability of Lebanese entrepreneurs in these two countries.

Diversified Business Investments
Lebanese entrepreneurs began venturing into Angola’s business landscape as early as 1989. They did not limit themselves to operating small shops or restaurants; instead, they expanded into more promising sectors. Lebanese businesspeople have established numerous factories, ventured into manufacturing, and invested in construction and infrastructure projects. Angola’s abundant natural resources, such as oil and minerals, have also attracted Lebanese investors to the resource extraction industry. These diversified investment strategies have solidified the Lebanese presence in Angola, creating a more expansive and robust business landscape.

Stronger Political and Social Influence
Compared to Côte d’Ivoire, the Lebanese community in Angola seems to wield greater political and social influence. The establishment of the Lebanese-Angola Chamber of Commerce is a prime example of this. This chamber not only provides a platform for Lebanese entrepreneurs to network and collaborate but also helps them forge strong ties with the Angolan government. Nesser Castro, the chamber’s chairman, also serves as the honorary consul of Lebanon in Angola. This dual role gives him significant influence in both business and political affairs between the two nations. Through such strategic initiatives, Lebanese businesspeople ensure that their commercial activities receive government support and protection.

The Power of Family and Community Networks
The success of Lebanese entrepreneurs in Angola is also due to their strong family and community networks. Lebanese businesses often operate as family enterprises, with each family member playing a different role within the business, ensuring stability and continuity. Additionally, the Lebanese community in Angola is tightly knit, forming a supportive business network. This internal solidarity and external cooperation enable Lebanese businesspeople to navigate economic and political challenges with greater ease.

Combating Misconceptions and Building a Positive Image
Lebanese businesspeople in Angola have faced misconceptions and accusations, particularly regarding money laundering and funding terrorism. However, the Lebanese-Angola Chamber of Commerce has taken a proactive approach by engaging openly with the media and the public to clarify these issues. This transparency helps dispel misunderstandings and fosters a positive business image. By continuously investing in Angola’s economic development, Lebanese entrepreneurs are increasingly seen as integral parts of the Angolan economy rather than merely foreign traders.

Flexibility in Business Culture
Lebanese entrepreneurs in Angola have demonstrated exceptional adaptability to the business culture. Compared to Côte d’Ivoire, Angola’s business environment is more diverse and complex. Lebanese businesspeople leverage their linguistic skills and cultural sensitivity to establish a multi-industry business empire in Angola. They not only build strong relationships with locals but also effectively compete with other foreign enterprises. By engaging in partnerships or joint ventures, they further consolidate their market position, ensuring long-term success.


黎巴嫩人在安哥拉的商业活动与他们在科特迪瓦的方式虽有相似之处,但也有显著的不同。在科特迪瓦,黎巴嫩人主要通过零售、食品进出口和高档服务行业来扎根。而在安哥拉,他们的商业触角延伸得更加广泛和深入,不仅限于消费品和零售领域,还涉足了建筑、制造业和资源开采等更为多元的行业。这些差异揭示了黎巴嫩人在安哥拉和科特迪瓦之间采取的不同策略和市场适应能力。


多元化的商业投资

安哥拉的黎巴嫩商人早在1989年便开始涉足这个国家的商业领域。他们不仅仅满足于开设小型商店或餐馆,而是将触角延伸至更具潜力的行业。黎巴嫩商人建立了许多工厂,涉足制造业,并投资于建筑和基础设施建设。此外,安哥拉丰富的自然资源,如石油和矿产,也吸引了黎巴嫩商人进入资源开采领域。这些多元化的投资策略使得黎巴嫩人在安哥拉的商业版图更加广泛和稳固。


更强的政治和社会影响力

相比在科特迪瓦,黎巴嫩人在安哥拉的政治和社会影响力似乎更为显著。黎巴嫩安哥拉商会的成立就是一个很好的例子。这一商会不仅为黎巴嫩商人提供了一个交流和合作的平台,还有效地帮助他们与安哥拉政府建立紧密联系。商会主席Nesser Castro同时也是黎巴嫩驻安哥拉的荣誉领事,这种双重身份使他在两国之间的商业和政治事务中具有极大的影响力。黎巴嫩人在安哥拉通过这种方式,确保了他们的商业活动能够获得政府的支持和保护。


家族和社区的力量

黎巴嫩人在安哥拉的成功还得益于他们强大的家族和社区网络。黎巴嫩商人通常采取家族经营的模式,每个家族成员在企业中扮演不同的角色,从而确保了企业的稳定性和连续性。此外,黎巴嫩社区在安哥拉非常紧密,他们共同组成了一个相互支持的商业网络。这种内部的团结和外部的紧密合作,使得黎巴嫩商人能够在面对经济和政治挑战时更加游刃有余。


对抗误解与树立形象

黎巴嫩人在安哥拉也面临着一些误解和指责,尤其是关于洗钱和资助恐怖主义的传言。然而,黎巴嫩安哥拉商会通过公开透明的方式,主动与媒体和公众沟通,澄清事实。这种主动公开的姿态不仅有助于消除误解,也有助于建立一个正面的商业形象。通过不断投资于安哥拉的经济建设,黎巴嫩人逐渐被视为安哥拉经济的重要组成部分,而不仅仅是外来商人。


商业文化的灵活性

黎巴嫩人在安哥拉展现出了极大的商业文化适应能力。与科特迪瓦相比,安哥拉的商业环境更加多元和复杂。黎巴嫩商人利用他们的语言优势和文化敏感性,成功地在安哥拉建立了跨行业的商业帝国。他们不仅能与本地人建立良好关系,还能有效地与其他外国企业竞争,通过合作或合资的方式,进一步巩固他们在市场中的地位。


比较:黎巴嫩人与犹太以色列人、印度人的不同


Comparison: How Lebanese Differ from Jewish Israeli and Indian Businesspeople


Compared to Jewish Israelis:

Jewish Israeli businesspeople are renowned for their exceptional business acumen and global capital networks, with a strong focus on technological innovation, high-tech industries, and investments in the financial sector. In contrast, Lebanese entrepreneurs are more focused on the everyday consumer goods market, such as food, supermarkets, retail, and small to medium-sized enterprises. This difference allows Lebanese businesspeople to secure a stable footing in a broader consumer market, often by building close relationships with local governments to ensure long-term business stability. Additionally, Lebanese entrepreneurs tend to be low-key, avoiding excessive publicity and political conflicts, which contrasts with the more high-profile and politically engaged approach often associated with Israeli businesspeople on a global scale.

与犹太以色列人的比较:

犹太以色列人以其卓越的商业敏锐度和全球资本网络而著称,他们往往注重科技创新、高科技产业和金融领域的投资。而黎巴嫩人则更多关注日常消费品市场,如食品、超市、零售和中小企业。这种差异使得黎巴嫩人在更广泛的消费市场中获得了稳定的基础,同时通过建立与当地政府的紧密关系网络,确保了业务的长远稳定。此外,黎巴嫩商人相对低调,通常避免过多的曝光和政治争端,这与以色列商人在全球范围内的高调和明显的政治立场形成对比。


Compared to Indians:

Indian businesspeople in Africa are known for their dominance in the pharmaceutical and textile markets. They have established a strong market position through significant capital investments and supply chain control in these industries. In contrast, Lebanese entrepreneurs adopt a more diversified investment strategy, venturing into various sectors ranging from retail to mining and from dining to real estate. The family-run business model and cultural integration strategies of Lebanese entrepreneurs allow them to adapt more flexibly to different market demands. In comparison, Indian businesspeople tend to rely on established market monopolies and the support of extensive Indian communities to sustain their operations.

与印度人的比较:

印度人在非洲以控制药品和纺织品市场而闻名,他们通过大量的资本投入和控制供应链,在这些行业中建立了强大的市场地位。而黎巴嫩商人则采取更分散的投资策略,涉足各个行业,从零售到矿业,从餐饮到地产。黎巴嫩人的家族经营模式和文化融入策略,使得他们能够更加灵活地适应不同市场的需求,而印度商人更倾向于利用已经建立的行业垄断和广泛的印度社区支持来维持业务。


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反思:中国企业的本地化挑


Reflection: Localization Challenges for Chinese Companies

Compared to Lebanese entrepreneurs, Chinese companies often face limitations in the African market. Although “Made in China” is globally recognized, Chinese products are not always as well-received in Africa. This disparity is primarily due to two factors:

Insufficient Product Localization:
While Chinese companies have strong manufacturing capabilities, their product design and production often fail to adequately consider local tastes and styles. Frequently, the appearance and functionality of Chinese products do not align with the local aesthetic preferences or practical needs. This mismatch makes Chinese products feel “out of place” in the local market, making it difficult to win over consumers.

Language and Cultural Barriers:
Unlike Lebanese entrepreneurs, Chinese companies are relatively weak in language skills and cultural integration. Many Chinese employees are not familiar with the local languages and have limited understanding of local cultures, creating communication barriers with governments, partners, and consumers. This lack of language proficiency and cultural understanding hampers Chinese companies’ ability to build deep local networks, reducing their competitive edge in the marketplace.

Brand Image and Long-Term Strategy:
In market competition, Chinese companies often rely on price wars to gain market share. While this strategy may achieve short-term market penetration, it often results in lower profit margins and can negatively impact the brand’s image. In contrast, Lebanese entrepreneurs focus more on long-term brand development, using high-quality products and services to earn customer loyalty and establish a stable market position.

相比黎巴嫩商人,中国企业在非洲市场上的表现往往显得有些局限。尽管中国制造在世界范围内享有盛誉,但其产品在非洲的受欢迎程度却不尽如人意。这主要体现在两个方面:


产品的本地化不足: 

中国企业虽然具备强大的制造能力,但在产品设计和生产上,往往没有充分考虑当地的品味和风格。很多时候,中国产品的外观和功能与当地审美和实际需求存在差距。这使得中国产品在本地市场上显得“水土不服”,难以赢得消费者的青睐。


语言和文化的障碍: 

与黎巴嫩商人不同,中国企业在语言和文化融入方面相对薄弱。很多中国企业的员工不熟悉当地语言,也不了解当地文化,这使得他们在与政府、合作伙伴以及消费者沟通时存在障碍。缺乏语言优势和文化理解,使得中国企业难以建立深厚的本地关系网,在商场上失去了一部分竞争力。


品牌形象与长远战略: 

在市场竞争中,中国企业往往依靠价格战来抢占市场份额。这种策略虽然能带来短期的市场占有率,但却导致了利润率下降,并且对品牌形象产生负面影响。相比之下,黎巴嫩商人更注重品牌的长期发展,通过高质量的产品和服务来赢得客户的忠诚度,建立起了稳定的市场地位。


写在最后


Final Thoughts

The success of Lebanese entrepreneurs in West Africa and Angola showcases their exceptional business acumen and organizational skills. By fostering unity and collaboration, leveraging multilingual capabilities, integrating into local cultures, and diversifying their investments, they have built a vast business empire. Whether on the streets of Côte d'Ivoire or in the cities of Angola, the impact of Lebanese businesspeople is clearly evident. Their story teaches us that in a globalized world, business success relies not only on capital and intelligence but also on deep cultural understanding and carefully planned long-term strategies.


黎巴嫩商人在西非和安哥拉的成功,展示了他们卓越的商业智慧和组织能力。他们通过团结协作、多语言优势、文化融入和多元化投资,建立起了庞大的商业帝国。无论在科特迪瓦的街头,还是在安哥拉的城市,都可以看到黎巴嫩商人留下的深刻印记。他们的故事启示我们:在一个全球化的世界中,商业成功不仅仅依赖资本和聪明,更需要深厚的文化理解和精心的长期规划。




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戏阅荟DramaBizz
Life is a drama filled with stories, waiting to be read and understood. 人生如戏,一起阅读和领悟生命的各种剧本, 只为某一天身处其中时多一份勇气与坚韧,你并不孤单
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