这是雅思听力真题的文本，不带考题，每周两篇。这是本周第二篇，共84句，请反复跟读跟听，争取练到可以完全听写出来。（觉得生词多，先阅读再听）
So far, in these lectures, we've been looking at crimes like robbery and murder - 到目前为止，在这些课程中，我们一直在研究抢劫和谋杀等犯罪
both from a historical viewpoint and also in contemporary society -无论是从历史的角度，还是从当代社会的角度
and we've seen that the preoccupation in Western society with crime and with lawlessness 我们看到西方社会对犯罪和违法行为的关注
is part of a long and continuous tradition, 是悠久而持续的传统的一部分，
rather than something which is new and unique to modern society. 而不是现代社会独有的新事物。
But over the past seventy years or so, there has been a massive increase in one type of crime, 但在过去70年左右的时间里，有一种犯罪大幅增加，
which is what's known as 'corporate crime'. 这就是所谓的“企业犯罪”。
Corporate crime is crime which, as the name suggests, 顾名思义，企业犯罪是一种犯罪，
is connected with companies, with business organisations. 与公司，商业组织有联系。
It includes illegal acts of either individuals or a group within the company, 它包括公司内部个人或团体的非法行为，
but what is important is that these acts are normally in accordance with the goals of the company - 但重要的是，这些行为通常是符合公司的目标的
they're for the good of the company rather than the individual. 他们是为了公司而不是个人的利益。
It's been defined as, 它被定义为，
quote, 'crime which is committed for the corporate organisation' - the company - 'not against it', unquote. 原话是，“为公司组织而犯的罪”——公司——“不是反对它”，原话是这样说的。
So crimes like theft by employees - 所以像员工偷窃这样的犯罪
things like embezzlement or fraud against one's actual employer are excluded according to this definition. 根据这一定义，盗用公款或欺诈实际雇主等行为被排除在外。
The employees may be involved 员工可能会被牵扯进来
but they're acting in the first place for the company -但他们首先是为了公司
they may not even realise they're committing a crime 他们甚至可能没有意识到自己正在犯罪
or they may realise but they feel it's excusable because it's policy, 或者他们可能意识到，但他们觉得这是可以原谅的，因为这是政策，
or because otherwise they may lose their jobs. 或者因为否则他们可能会失去工作。
So here, really, we're talking about the links between power and crime. 所以在这里，我们真的在谈论权力和犯罪之间的联系。
Now, this is one area that much less is generally known about than conventional or traditional crime. 现在，这一领域人们对传统犯罪的了解要少得多。
It has been relatively ignored by the mass media - 它一直相对被大众媒体所忽视
for example, it tends to be under-reported in comparison with conventional crime in news broadcasts, 例如，与新闻广播中的传统犯罪相比，它往往被低估，
and in crime serials and films and so on - 在犯罪连续剧和电影等等
they very rarely deal with corporate crime. 他们很少处理企业犯罪。
And it also tends to be ignored in academic circles - 这在学术界也容易被忽视
there's been far more research on conventional crime and far more data is available. 对传统犯罪的研究要多得多，数据也多得多。
There are several reasons for this lack of interest in corporate crime, compared with other types of crime. 与其他类型的犯罪相比，人们对公司犯罪缺乏兴趣有几个原因。
It's often very complex, 它通常非常复杂，
whereas with conventional crime, it's usually possible to follow what's going on without specialist knowledge. 而对于传统的犯罪，通常不需要专业知识就能知道发生了什么。
As well as this, whereas conventional crime usually has a lot of human interest, 除此之外，传统犯罪通常有很多人类利益，
corporate crime often has much less. 企业犯罪的风险通常要小得多。
The third reason, and possibly the most significant one, 第三个原因，可能也是最重要的一个原因，
is that very often the victims are unaware - 受害者经常不知道吗
they think their misfortune is an accident 他们认为他们的不幸是一场意外
or that it's the fault of no-one in particular. 或者这不是谁的错。
They're unaware that they've been victims of a crime. 他们没有意识到自己是犯罪的受害者。
So, when we look at the effects of corporate crime, 所以，当我们审视企业犯罪的影响时，
we may find it's very difficult to assess the costs. 我们可能会发现很难评估成本。
But these costs can be very considerable in both their economic and social aspects. 但这些成本在经济和社会方面都是非常可观的。
Let's look at the economic costs first. 让我们先看看经济成本。
For example, if a company is producing fruit juice
例如，如果一家公司生产果汁
and it dilutes its product so that it's just a little below the concentration it should be, 它会稀释产物，使其浓度略低于应有的浓度，
many millions of people may be paying a small amount extra for their carton of orange juice. 数以百万计的人可能会为他们的一盒橙汁多付一小笔钱。
Now small amounts like this may seem insignificant for individual customers - 对于个人客户来说，这样的小额金额似乎微不足道
too small to worry about - 太小了，不用担心
but for the company, this deception might result in massive illegal profit. 但对于公司来说，这种欺骗可能会导致巨额的非法利润。
However, all studies of corporate crime agree 然而，所有关于企业犯罪的研究都同意这一点
that the individuals are in fact deprived of far more money by such crime 这些人实际上被这种犯罪剥夺了更多的钱
than they are by conventional crime like robbery and theft. 而不是像抢劫和盗窃这样的传统犯罪。
In addition to this, we have to consider the social costs of corporate crime 除此之外，我们还必须考虑企业犯罪的社会成本
and these are again very difficult to assess, but they are considerable. 这些也很难评估，但它们是相当可观的。
They're important because they can undermine the faith of the public in the business world 它们很重要，因为它们会破坏公众对商业世界的信任
and also, more importantly, 更重要的是，
because the main group of people they affect are, in fact, not the richer sections of society but the poorer. 因为事实上，他们影响的主要人群不是社会上的富人，而是穷人。
So here companies are robbing the poor to benefit the rich. 所以在这里，公司是在掠夺穷人，让富人受益。
There are two more points to do with corporate crime 还有两点与企业犯罪有关
that I'd like to illustrate with reference to a specific event 我想用一个具体的事件来说明
which occurred several years ago. 这发生在几年前。
This was an explosion of a large oil tanker 这是一艘大型油轮的爆炸
which caused the loss of more than fifty lives of the crew. 造成了五十多名船员的死亡。
It was an explosion which never should have happened 这是一场本不应该发生的爆炸
and a subsequent inquiry laid the blame not on anyone who had actually been on the tanker at the time, 随后的调查并没有将责任归咎于当时在油轮上的任何人，
but on the owners of the tanker. 而是油轮的主人。
They had deliberately decided not to carry out necessary repair work on the tanker as it was due to be sold, 他们故意决定不对油轮进行必要的维修工作，因为它将被出售，
and it was this lack of repair work which was directly responsible for the explosion. 维修工作的缺乏是爆炸的直接原因。
Now this illustrates two points to do with corporate crime. 这说明了与企业犯罪有关的两点。
First of all, that it does not have to be intentional. 首先，它不一定是故意的。
The owners of the tanker certainly did not intend it to explode. 油轮的主人当然没有想让它爆炸。
But very serious consequences can result from people or organisations 但是非常严重的后果可能是由个人或组织造成的
not considering the possible results of their actions seriously enough. 没有认真考虑他们行为的可能后果。
The main crime here was indifference to the human results 这里的主要罪行是对人类的结果漠不关心
rather than actual intention to harm anyone, 而不是真的想伤害任何人，
but that didn't make the results any less tragic. 但这并没有减少结果的悲剧性。
And this leads me to my second point 这就引出了我的第二点
that corporate crime can have very severe consequences. 企业犯罪会产生非常严重的后果。
It's not just a matter of companies making bigger profits than they should do, 这不仅仅是公司赚取比他们应该做的更多的利润的问题，
but of events which may affect the lives of innocent people, 但对于那些可能影响到无辜者生命的事件，
and yet very often, companies, because they say they didn't intend to harm anyone, 然而很多时候，公司，因为他们说他们无意伤害任何人，
can avoid taking responsibility for the results of their actions. 可以避免为自己行为的结果承担责任。
And that has been a very dangerous loophole in the law. 这是一个非常危险的法律漏洞。
A further example of corporate crime was... 公司犯罪的另一个例子是……
