原文信息：
Power to Heat: Opportunity of Flexibility Services Provided by Building Energy Systems
原文链接：
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792423000288
Abstract
Buildings play a crucial role in global electricity consumption, but their function is evolving. Rather than merely consuming energy, buildings have the potential to become energy producers through participating in flexibility services, which involve demand response and distributed energy supplies. However, the new technological and societal challenges that arise from temporal and spatial changes on both supply and demand sides make building services increasingly complex. This paper presents an opportunity for flexibility services offered by building energy systems via power-to-heat technology and discusses four key aspects: quantitative indicators based on thermal inertia, model predictive control for building flexibility, flexible system optimization for smart buildings, and applications of flexible services. Thermal inertia is a crucial factor that transcends technical constraints and serves as a bridge between the demand and supply sides. Demand-side response and data-driven cogeneration under model predictive control are essential for managing building flexibility. In addition, flexible system optimization is achieved through the combination of demand-side trading and disturbed system optimization. Applications of flexible services represent a combination of demand-side trading and disturbed system optimization in the fields of engineering and sociology. Finally, the paper explores the challenges, as well as the potential and models of building flexibility services technologies, including features that can facilitate automated operational decision-making on both the demand and supply sides.
Keywords
Building energy flexibility
Data-driven
Power to heat
Model predictive control
Smart grid
Figure 1. Structure diagram of flexibility services provided by building energy systems.
Figure 4. Flexibility sources in commercial and residential buildings.
Figure 9. Carbon emission model of the residential building.
Figure 10. Structure of smart contracting with P2P trading and fundamental steps for execution.
Figure 13. Perspectives of building flexibility services.
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