指南与共识|中国家族遗传性乳腺癌行预防性乳房切除术临床实践指南(2024版)

学术   2024-11-21 13:26   辽宁  

点击上方“中国实用外科杂志” 可以订阅哦!








通信作者:李梦欣教授(左),范志民教授(右上),宋东教授(左下),刘荫华教授(右下)


【引用本文】中华医学会外科学分会乳腺外科学组. 中国家族遗传性乳腺癌行预防性乳房切除术临床实践指南(2024版)[J]. 中国实用外科杂志,2024,44(11):1201-1205.


中国家族遗传性乳腺癌行预防性乳房切除术

临床实践指南(2024版)


中华医学会外科学分会乳腺外科学组


中国实用外科杂志,2024,44(11):1201-1205


基金项目:吉林省科技厅项目(No.3D5214078428)

通信作者:李梦欣,E-mail:limengxin@jlu.edu.cn;范志民,E-mail:fanzhimn@163.com;宋东,E-mail:songdong@jlu.edu.cn;刘荫华,E-mail:liuyinhua7520@163.com

    

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,具有显著的遗传易感性,遗传性乳腺癌占5%~10%,其中约15%伴有BRCA基因突变[1-3]。乳腺癌行预防性乳房切除是一种旨在减少高风险人群患乳腺癌风险的手术,尽管该手术可以降低乳腺癌的发生风险,但目前没有证据表明其与预后有明确相关性。因此,是否行预防性乳房切除术需要病人和医疗专业人员进行深入地讨论和评估。为了规范预防性乳房切除术的临床流程,中华医学会外科学分会乳腺外科学组组织国内部分乳腺外科及相关学科专家通过文献调研和集体讨论,提出对侧预防性乳房切除术(contralateral prophylactic mastectomy,CPM)临床实践的关键临床问题。参照推荐意见分级的评估、制定与评价(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE)系统对相关临床证据进行评价,并结合我国临床实践可及性制定本指南,以期为国内乳腺专科医师提供借鉴和参考。


1    证据等级及推荐强度

1.1    证据等级标准    本指南文献证据等级参考GRADE系统并结合我国临床研究特点制定,将证据等级分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ 4类,量化体现指南编写专家对证据可靠性的评价情况。基于本指南在我国临床实践的可及性,专家组优先选择Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类证据纳入指南评价体系。见表1。



1.2    推荐强度标准    本指南推荐强度结合GRADE系统及国内临床实践特点,纳入证据等级、卫生经济学、产品等效性、可及性4个影响因素,根据权重,采用赋分制,由指南编写专家对推荐意见逐一评分,根据评分结果将推荐强度分为:A级(强推荐)、B级(弱推荐)和C级(不推荐)。见表2、3。




1.3    推荐强度评审委员会    本指南投票委员会成员共32名,其中乳腺外科专业医师27名(84.4%),肿瘤内科专业医师1名(3.1%),病理科专业医师1名(3.1%),放射治疗专业医师1名(3.1%),流行病学专业医师2名(6.3%)。


2    适用对象
本指南以中国乳腺疾病专业临床医师为主要适用对象。


3    推荐意见

3.1    CPM适应证    乳腺癌具有显著的遗传易感性,遗传性乳腺癌由乳腺癌易感基因致病性胚系突变所致,常呈现家族聚集性。因此,对于伴有家族史的乳腺癌病人,基因检测可协助判断乳腺癌家族史是否与携带基因致病突变有关。有研究结果证实,单侧乳腺癌病人若存在发生乳腺癌的高风险因素,其发生对侧乳腺癌(contralateral breast cancer,CBC)的风险远高于正常人群[4-5]。对于该部分高危人群,CPM是有效的预防手段,但对中低风险病人无明显生存获益[6-8]。见表4。CPM联合乳房重建可取得良好的美容学效果,有助于缓解病人对于乳房切除的焦虑,避免长期的高频复查,但术后并发症的发生风险相应增加[9-10]。因此,本指南推荐外科医师在确认病人具有罹患乳腺癌高风险因素的基础上,充分平衡干预手段的获益和风险,尊重病人意愿并基于多学科、个体化的原则制定临床决策。



        乳腺癌风险评估的目的是识别患乳腺癌发生风险显著高于平均风险的女性个体,通过风险分层指导个体化干预措施。中国女性乳腺癌病人中约5.3%伴有BRCA1/2基因突变,10年CBC发生风险显著高于非突变人群,其中BRCA1突变、BRCA2突变及非突变的病人10年CBC发生风险分别为15.5%、17.5%、3.2%[11-12];携带TP53基因突变的病人占0.2%~0.5%,其10年CBC发生风险显著高于非突变人群(17.9% vs. 3.6%),且该部分病人首次确诊年龄普遍较早(年龄≤30岁),易出现雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)阴性及人类表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)阳性肿瘤[13];虽然目前没有关于中国乳腺癌病人CHEK2基因突变的数据,但国外数据表明该基因突变时CBC的风险显著增加[14]。此外,确诊年龄越早(≤40岁),复发风险越高;若伴有家族遗传病史,发生CBC的风险增加至≥2倍[15]。对于BRCA1/2基因突变的病人,CPM可降低CBC的发生风险>90%[16-17]。因此,本指南推荐年轻(确诊年龄≤40岁),伴有BRCA1/2、CHEK2、TP53基因突变或30岁前有胸部放疗史的家族遗传性乳腺癌病人,可选择CPM。

        此外,生活方式可影响CBC的发生风险。Meta分析结果显示,经常饮酒、吸烟>10 支/d、同时吸烟和饮酒、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)≥25、首次诊断后体重增加≥10 kg的病人CBC的风险增加[18-21]。因此,乳腺癌术后的病人应尽量改变不良生活习惯以降低CBC的发病风险。对于不伴CBC高风险因素,但符合以下情况的乳腺癌病人可加强术后复查及监测,包括初潮年龄<13岁、初产年龄≥25岁、首次确诊乳腺癌病理含小叶组织学、肿瘤直径>3 cm及HR-/ERBB2-[20, 22-25]。

3.2    CPM术式选择    专家组认为预防性乳房切除的术式可选择双侧乳房切除术(bilateral mastectomy,BM)、保留皮肤的乳房切除术(skin-sparing mastectomy,SSM)及保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体切除术(nipple-sparing mastectomy,NSM),也可联合乳房重建[26]。见表5。与BM相比,SSM与NSM联合假体乳房重建可以维持较好的乳房形态及美观程度,术后并发症发生率较低,但NSM无法完全切除乳腺腺体,仍存在肿瘤复发风险[27]。随着乳房重建技术的进步,BM联合假体置入仍是最为安全有效的手术方式。前哨淋巴结转移情况与乳腺癌的高危因素并无显著相关性,CPM术中发现对侧乳腺微小癌或隐匿性乳腺癌的概率为1.8%,而隐匿性乳腺癌病人的淋巴结阳性率仅为1.3%[28-29]。此外,磁共振(MRI)识别隐匿性乳腺癌的准确率为2%~4%[30]。因此,不推荐MRI阴性的病人接受CPM手术时常规行前哨淋巴结活检术。



        首次确诊乳腺癌再发肿瘤的人群中40%为CBC,其5年和10年累积发生率分别为1.9%和3.8%[5]。一项基于监测、流行病学和最终结果数据库(surveillance,epidemiology,and end results database,SEER)的随访研究结果显示,CBC的发生可能增加病人的死亡风险,BM虽然降低CBC的发病风险,但并未降低乳腺癌相关病死率[31]。该研究纳入的样本排除了年龄<30岁的病人,且没有关于内分泌治疗、家族史或BRCA1/2突变状态的数据,可能部分降低了CPM对高风险人群的获益,但可以证明该手术无法改善中低风险病人的预后。本指南认为需要充分考虑国内乳腺癌病人流行病学特点,并考虑中国与美国女性乳腺癌相关危险因素的差异,制定符合中国乳腺癌高危人群的阈值标准。

3.3    其他替代治疗    除手术外,部分替代治疗也可起到降低CBC风险的效果。见表6。NSABP-P1试验首次发现他莫昔芬可降低健康人群中ER阳性乳腺癌的发生率[32];早期乳腺癌试验者协作组10年随访结果显示,辅助内分泌及化疗均可显著降低BRCA1/2突变乳腺癌病人CBC的发生风险[5, 10, 33-34]。其中,ER阴性病人接受含紫衫烷类药物的化疗后CBC发生风险显著降低,含铂类的新辅助化疗可提高BRCA1/2突变的三阴性乳腺癌病人的病理完全缓解(pathological complete response,pCR)率及长期生存,但具体获益程度仍需进一步的亚组分析[5, 35]。此外,预防性乳房放疗可以降低早期BRCA1/2突变乳腺癌病人的CBC风险,但是放疗的剂量和手段需要进行综合考量[36-37]。他汀类药物和双磷酸盐也可起到降低CBC风险的作用[38-40]。有研究结果显示,BRCA1/2突变病人接受预防性输卵管-卵巢切除术可使其患癌风险降低45%,病死率降低65%;BM可将乳腺癌发生风险降低90%,与输卵管-卵巢切除术联合可降低95%[6]。因此,本指南认为对于已完成生育需求的高风险人群可选择预防性输卵管-卵巢切除术。综上,需要结合辅助治疗及遗传风险综合评估病人是否应接受CPM。



        2016年,美国乳腺外科医师协会发布了关于CPM的专家共识,认为可考虑选择进行CPM治疗的人群包括:携带BRCA1/2突变的病人;具有强家族史但未进行基因检测或BRCA检测结果阴性的病人;30岁前接受过胸部放射治疗的病人;非BRCA基因突变,但存在CHEK2、PALB2、P53和CDH1基因突变的病人[41]。2017年美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)也发布了关于CPM的适用人群,建议CBC高风险人群,为改善乳房术后对称问题以及无法完成对侧乳腺筛查的病人选择CPM[42]。此外,美国国家综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)发布相关指南不推荐非高风险乳腺癌病人行CPM[43]。目前的乳腺癌风险评估模型如Gail模型是基于美国女性乳腺癌流行病学特征及人群平均风险而建立,不适用于中国乳腺癌高危人群的筛选。北京大学肿瘤医院解云涛团队建立了BRCA-CRisk预测模型,用于预测中国BRCA1/2突变乳腺癌病人对侧乳腺癌的发生风险,为临床医师及病人决策提供参考[44]。

        综上所述,本指南在前期研究的基础上,结合中国乳腺癌病人的临床特点进一步细化高风险人群,综合评估手术的风险及获益,以指导临床医师与病人细致沟通与讨论手术及替代方式的选择,最大程度发挥减危作用。




参考文献

(在框内滑动手指即可浏览)


[1]    Yamauchi H,Takei J. Management of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer [J]. Int J Clin Oncol, 2018, 23(1): 45-51.

[2]    Wang C, Lin Y, Zhu H, et al. Breast-conserving therapy for breast cancer with BRCA mutations: A Meta-analysis [J]. Breast Cancer, 2022, 29(2): 314-323.

[3]    Nielsen FC, van Overeem Hansen T, Sørensen CS. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: New genes in confined pathways [J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2016, 16(9): 599-612.

[4]    Ye F, Huang L, Lang G, et al. Outcomes and risk of subsequent breast events in breast-conserving surgery patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation [J]. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(5): 1903-1910.

[5]    Kramer I, Schaapveld M, Oldenburg HSA, et al. The influence of adjuvant systemic regimens on contralateral breast cancer risk and receptor subtype [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2019, 111(7): 709-718.

[6]    Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Lynch HT, et al. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: the PROSE Study Group [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2004, 22(6): 1055-1062.

[7]    Bjelic-Radisic V, Singer C, Tamussino K, et al. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with breast cancer without a family history or genetic predisposition: Consensus statement from the Austrian Gynecologic Oncology Working Group of the Austrian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology [J]. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2019, 131(9-10): 233-236.

[8]    Chen H, Zhang P, Zhang M, et al. Growing trends of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy and reconstruction in young breast cancer [J]. J Surg Res, 2019, 239: 224-232.

[9]    Abdel-Razeq H. Surgical options for patients with early-stage breast cancer and pathogenic germline variants: An oncologist perspectives [J]. Front Oncol, 2023, 13: 1265197.

[10]    Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer: An overview of the randomised trials. [J]. Lancet, 1998, 352(9132): 930-942.

[11]    Sun J, Meng H, Yao L, et al. Germline mutations in cancer susceptibility genes in a large series of unselected breast cancer patients [J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2017, 23(20): 6113-6119.

[12]    Su L, Xu Y, Ouyang T, et al. Contralateral breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers in a large cohort of unselected Chinese breast cancer patients [J]. Int J Cancer, 2020, 146(12): 3335-3342.

[13]    Guo Y, Wan Q, Ouyang T, et al. Risk of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and contralateral breast cancer in patients with and without TP53 variant in a large series of breast cancer patients [J]. Breast, 2022, 65: 55-60.

[14]    Yadav S, Boddicker NJ, Na J, et al. Contralateral breast cancer risk among carriers of germline pathogenic variants in ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, and PALB2 [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(9): 1703-1713.

[15]    Reiner AS, John EM, Brooks JD, et al. Risk of asynchronous contralateral breast cancer in noncarriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with a family history of breast cancer: A report from the Women's Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Study [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(4): 433-439.

[16]    van Sprundel TC, Schmidt MK, Rookus MA, et al. Risk reduction of contralateral breast cancer and survival after contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers [J]. Br J Cancer, 2005, 93(3): 287-292.

[17]    Kenny R, Reed M, Subramanian A. Mastectomy for risk reduction or symmetry in women without high risk gene mutation: A review [J]. Int J Surg, 2018, 50: 60-64.

[18]    Knight JA, Bernstein L, Largent J, et al. Alcohol intake and cigarette smoking and risk of a contralateral breast cancer: The women's environmental cancer and radiation epidemiology study [J]. Am J Epidemiol, 2009, 169(8): 962-968.

[19]    Knight JA, Fan J, Malone KE, et al. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking in combination: A predictor of contralateral breast cancer risk in the WECARE study [J]. Int J Cancer, 2017, 141(5): 916-924.

[20]    Akdeniz D, Klaver MM, Smith CZA, et al. The impact of lifestyle and reproductive factors on the risk of a second new primary cancer in the contralateral breast: A systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Cancer Causes Control, 2020, 31(5): 403-416.

[21]    Brooks JD, John EM, Mellemkjaer L, et al. Body mass index, weight change, and risk of second primary breast cancer in the WECARE study: Influence of estrogen receptor status of the first breast cancer [J]. Cancer Med, 2016, 5(11): 3282-3291.

[22]    Sisti JS, Bernstein JL, Lynch CF, et al. Reproductive factors, tumor estrogen receptor status and contralateral breast cancer risk: Results from the WECARE study [J]. Springerplus, 2015, 4: 825.

[23]    Malhotra A, Fransen HP, Quaresma M, et al. Associations between treatments, comorbidities and multidimensional aspects of quality of life among patients with advanced cancer in the Netherlands-a 2017-2020 multicentre cross-sectional study [J]. Qual Life Res, 2023, 32(11): 3123-3133.

[24]    Giannakeas V, Lim DW, Narod SA. The risk of contralateral breast cancer: A SEER-based analysis [J]. Br J Cancer, 2021, 125(4): 601-610.

[25]    Cheun JH, Kim HK, Moon HG, et al. Locoregional recurrence patterns in patients with different molecular subtypes of breast cancer [J]. JAMA Surg, 2023, 158(8): 841-852.

[26]    Popowich B, Kostaras X, Temple-Oberle C. Breast reconstruction after therapeutic or prophylactic mastectomy for breast cancer: A comparison of guideline recommendations [J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2020, 46(6): 1046-1051.

[27]    Anderson C, Islam JY, Elizabeth Hodgson M, et al. Long-term satisfaction and body image after contralateral prophylactic mastectomy [J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2017, 24(6): 1499-1506.

[28]    Singh P, Agnese D, Amin M, et al. Society of surgical oncology breast disease site working group statement on contralateral mastectomy: Indications, outcomes, and risks [J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2024, 31(4): 2212-2223.

[29]    Nagaraja V, Edirimanne S, Eslick GD. Is sentinel lymph node biopsy necessary in patients undergoing prophylactic mastectomy? A systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Breast J, 2016, 22(2): 158-165.

[30]    Boughey JC, Attai DJ, Chen SL, et al. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy consensus statement from the american society of breast surgeons: Additional considerations and a framework for shared decision making [J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2016, 23(10): 3106-3111.

[31]    Giannakeas V, Lim DW, Narod SA. Bilateral mastectomy and breast cancer mortality [J]. JAMA Oncol, 2024, 10(9): 1228-1236.

[32]    King MC, Wieand S, Hale K, et al. Tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) breast cancer prevention trial [J]. JAMA, 2001, 286(18): 2251-2256.

[33]    Davies C, Godwin J, Gray R, et al. Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: Patient-level Meta-analysis of randomised trials [J]. Lancet, 2011, 378(9793): 771-784.

[34]    Phillips KA, Milne RL, Rookus MA, et al. Tamoxifen and risk of contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(25): 3091-3099.

[35]    Zhang J, Yao L, Liu Y, et al. Impact of the addition of carboplatin to anthracycline-taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy on survival in BRCA1/2-mutated triple-negative breast cancer [J]. Int J Cancer, 2021, 148(4): 941-949.

[36]    Evron E, Ben-David AM, Goldberg H, et al. Prophylactic irradiation to the contralateral breast for BRCA mutation carriers with early-stage breast cancer [J]. Ann Oncol, 2019, 30(3): 412-417.

[37]    DeLaney TF, Yock TI, Paganetti H. Assessing second cancer risk after primary cancer treatment with photon or proton radiotherapy [J]. Cancer, 2020, 126(15): 3397-3399.

[38]    Langballe R, Cronin-Fenton D, Dehlendorff C, et al. Statin use and risk of contralateral breast cancer: A nationwide cohort study [J]. Br J Cancer, 2018, 119(10): 1297-1305.

[39]    Bens A, Langballe R, Bernstein JL, et al. Preventive drug therapy and contralateral breast cancer: Summary of the evidence of clinical trials and observational studies [J]. Acta Oncol, 2019, 58(11): 1581-1593.

[40]    Peng R, Liang X, Zhang G, et al. Association use of bisphosphonates with risk of breast cancer: A Meta-analysis [J]. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 5606573.

[41]    Boughey JC, Attai DJ, Chen SL, et al. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) consensus statement from the American Society of Breast Surgeons: Data on CPM outcomes and risks [J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2016, 23(10): 3100-3105.

[42]    Hunt KK, Euhus DM, Boughey JC, et al. Society of surgical oncology breast disease working group statement on prophylactic (risk-reducing) mastectomy [J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2017, 24(2): 375-397.

[43]    Theobald KA, Susswein LR, Marshall ML, et al. Utility of expedited hereditary cancer testing in the surgical management of patients with a new breast cancer diagnosis[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2018, 25(12):3556-3562. 

[44]    Sun J, Chu F, Pan J, et al. BRCA-CRisk: A contralateral breast cancer risk prediction model for BRCA carriers [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(5): 991-999.



(2024-08-23收稿)


版权声明


本文为《中国实用外科杂志》原创文章。其他媒体、网站、公众号等如需转载本文,请联系本刊编辑部获得授权,并在文题下醒目位置注明“原文刊发于《中国实用外科杂志》,卷(期):起止页码”。谢谢合作!


中国实用外科杂志
致力于为中国普通外科医生提供最新学术信息,第一时间发布《中国实用外科杂志》的最新学术内容和学术活动,介绍国内普外科专家的学术成就。传递国内外普通外科最新学术动态。
 最新文章