反思“福柯逝世40年周年”后的世界:规训不仅更加隐蔽,我们的政治生活更加二极管

文摘   2024-08-27 09:31   美国  
        福柯逝世40周年之际,面对这个分裂的世界,多元文化给世界以色彩,也让来自左右的身份政治极化了我们的政治话语。关心政治的人变得越来越愤怒,越来越部落化,或者直接陷入政治抑郁,退回到一个对公共生活犬儒或无力的疲态。福柯给了我们解构权力关系的武器,但这种武器似乎也被另一种权力技术笼络,成为生产压迫性话语的机器。向老师是芝大社会学博士候选人,对福柯的著作有一定研究和领会,借此40周年之际,以一篇自己的英文演讲稿(附上翻译),提供一个反思福柯影响力的视角。

演讲视频对应以下文字

Ladies and gentlemen, colleagues, fellow sufferers of the human condition,
女士们,先生们,同事们,以及所有身处人类困境中的同胞们,

Here we are, marking the 40th anniversary of Michel Foucault's death, and—let's be honest—still utterly entangled in the labyrinth he left us. Foucault, this master of discomfort, never made things easy for us. He was the philosopher who dared to ask the most disturbing, unsettling questions, and in doing so, he flipped our entire understanding of power, knowledge, and society on its head. And yet, even as we admire his intellectual acrobatics, let's admit it: engaging with Foucault is like trying to dance with a tornado—exhilarating, yes, but also disorienting, and, let’s be real, more than a little terrifying.
今天,我们纪念米歇尔·福柯逝世四十周年,然而我们发现自己依然深陷他留下的思想迷宫中。福柯,这位擅长制造不安的大师,从未让我们的思考轻松过。他是那个敢于提出最令人不适的问题的哲学家,并且通过这样做,他彻底颠覆了我们对权力、知识和社会的理解。即使我们赞叹于他的思想技巧,也不得不承认,与福柯的思想交锋,就像在与龙卷风共舞——令人振奋,却也让人晕头转向,甚至有点可怕。



Foucault wasn’t your typical philosopher, dusty and detached, musing on the nature of truth from the safety of an ivory tower. No, Foucault was out there, in the trenches, poking and prodding at the institutions that shape our very lives—prisons, hospitals, schools, the family, even our very selves. He had this almost uncanny ability to reveal that what we consider “normal” or “true” is, in fact, just the product of power relations. The so-called truths we cling to? They’re neither timeless nor universal—they are constructions, fabricated and enforced by those who hold power. In other words, Foucault took our comfortable world, turned it upside down, and forced us to question everything.
福柯并非那种典型的哲学家,躲在图书馆里,远离尘世,沉思“真理”的本质。不,福柯深入前线,直击那些塑造我们生活的机构——监狱、医院、学校、家庭,甚至我们自身。他几乎拥有一种神奇的能力,能够揭示我们所认为的“正常”或“真实”其实只是权力关系的产物。我们所依赖的那些所谓真理?它们既非永恒,也非普遍,而是由掌权者构建并强加的。换句话说,福柯颠覆了我们舒适的世界,迫使我们质疑一切。



But here’s where it gets really interesting, or should I say, tragically ironic: Foucault’s ideas were so revolutionary, so potent, that they’ve been hijacked by the very institutions he sought to dismantle. Picture this: a museum director, wracked with anxiety, trying to display indigenous art without perpetuating colonialism; or a medical association, staging a public confession about its own complicity in racism. These are the kinds of scenarios that would make Foucault both laugh and cry. His deep suspicion of “normality,” originally intended as a weapon against oppression, has itself become a new instrument of normalization. It’s as if the system said, “Merci, Foucault. We’ll take it from here.”
但事情的发展比这更为有趣,或者说,充满了悲剧性的讽刺:福柯的思想如此革命性、如此强大,以至于它们被他曾试图摧毁的那些机构所劫持。设想一下:一个博物馆馆长为如何展示原住民艺术而焦虑不安,生怕延续殖民主义;或者一个医学协会公开忏悔其在维持种族主义中的角色。这些场景可能会让福柯又哭又笑。他对“常态”的深刻怀疑,本应作为对抗压迫的武器,反而成为了新的规范化工具。仿佛系统在说:“谢谢你的批判,福柯。我们会接手的。”



So, what are we supposed to do with this mess? Foucault handed us a lens through which we can see the hidden structures of power, but he didn’t exactly provide us with a roadmap for navigating them. He was a genius at deconstructing the illusions that govern our lives, but he left us to figure out what to do after the deconstruction—like giving us the keys to a shiny new car without telling us how to drive it. Or worse—realizing there’s no steering wheel at all!
那么,我们应该怎么应对这个局面?福柯为我们提供了一副透视权力结构的镜片,但他并没有给我们一张导航这些结构的地图。他在解构支配我们生活的幻象方面无比出色,但却把如何在解构后重建新秩序的任务留给了我们。这有点像拿到了崭新汽车的钥匙,却不知道怎么开车。或者更糟糕的是,发现车子根本没有方向盘!
Take, for example, Foucault’s mind-blowing revelation that “sexuality” is a social construct, a clever invention by institutions to control and categorize people. This idea, at first glance, is radical, right? It explains why different cultures have such wildly divergent attitudes toward sex, and why certain behaviors are demonized or celebrated depending on the time and place. But what do we see now? The very same institutions have co-opted this idea, turning it into another mechanism of power and control. Today, we might celebrate diversity and reject normativity, but at the same time, we compel people to “confess” their true selves—to reveal their sexual identity, their gender, their innermost desires—as if these confessions are the magic key to liberation. And who benefits from all these confessions? The institutions themselves, which use this information to bolster their power and tighten their grip on our lives.
举个例子,福柯关于“性”是社会建构的观点——这是一种由机构发明出来控制和分类人群的巧妙手段。这个观点,乍一听,十分激进,对吧?它解释了为什么不同文化对性有如此巨大差异,以及为什么某些行为会在特定时间和地点被妖魔化或庆祝。但现在我们看到什么?现代机构采用了这个观点,将其变成了另一个权力和控制的工具。今天,我们可能在庆祝多样性,拒绝规范性,但同时,我们仍然在逼迫人们“坦白”他们的真实自我——揭示他们的性别认同、性倾向、内心深处的欲望——仿佛这些坦白就是解放的钥匙。而最终从这些坦白中受益的,往往是那些机构本身,它们利用这些信息来巩固自己的权力,进一步掌控我们的生活。



Foucault leaves us in a rather tricky spot. On one hand, his work is an invaluable treasure trove of insights that helps us untangle the complex web of modern life. On the other hand, his refusal to offer clear moral guidance or a concrete path forward can make us feel like we’ve been handed a compass that only spins in circles.
福柯把我们带到了一个相当棘手的境地。一方面,他的作品是解开现代生活复杂性的宝库;但另一方面,他拒绝提供明确的道德指导或具体的前进方向,这让我们感觉仿佛拿到了一只永远在打转的指南针。
So, what’s the lesson here? Foucault gave us a powerful tool—a double-edged sword, really. It can cut through the lies and illusions that sustain oppression, but if we’re not careful, it can also deepen the very problems we’re trying to solve. As we continue to wrestle with his ideas, we must remember: it’s not enough to tear down old structures; we must also think about what comes next. We need to build something better, something that not only challenges power but also offers hope, justice, and humanity.
那么,结论是什么?福柯给了我们一把强有力的工具——确切地说,是一把双刃剑。它可以斩断维系压迫的谎言和幻象,但如果我们不加小心,它也可能加深我们试图解决的问题。当我们继续探索福柯的思想时,我们必须记住:仅仅拆除旧的结构是不够的;我们还必须思考接下来要建造什么。我们需要创造出不仅挑战权力,而且能够提供希望、正义和人性的东西。



Foucault’s legacy is one of dazzling contradictions, and it’s up to us to navigate them with wisdom and care. Let’s not just quote him in our academic papers or invoke his name in abstract discussions of power. Let’s actually engage with his ideas, wrestle with them, and think critically about what they mean for our lives and the world we want to create. And let’s do it with the same fearless curiosity and relentless questioning that Foucault himself embodied.
福柯的遗产充满了耀眼的矛盾,而如何明智地驾驭这些矛盾,就取决于我们。让我们不仅仅是在学术论文中引用他的名字,或者在抽象的权力讨论中提及他。让我们真正参与到他的思想中,认真思考这些思想对我们的生活以及我们想要创造的世界意味着什么。而且,让我们像福柯本人一样,带着无畏的好奇心和不懈的质疑精神去做这件事。
Thank you.
谢谢大家。


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教师简介

        向杨,芝加哥大学社会学博士在读。四川大学生物技术基地班本科,芝加哥大学政治学硕士。“羊说”公众号创办人,专访众多政治、社会、文化界领袖。十三年持续从事英语教学和管理。


◾ 2010年外研社演讲大赛全国季军;

◾ 2009年中央电视台希望之星风采大赛四川省冠军;

◾ 屡次在国际英国议会制辩论赛获奖;

◾ 人事部口、笔译二级(CATTI);

◾ 托福118,口语写作阅读满分。

◾ 演讲、辩论教练;托福雅思词汇,GRE教学专家;留学规划申请专家。

◾ 众多学生获得各类演讲大赛全国大奖,不少考入世界著名高中大学,如全美排名第一的高中Phillips Academy Andover(菲利普斯·安多弗),斯坦福大学东亚系博士等。







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