本次给大家整理的是《Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science》杂志2023年3月第50卷第3期的论文的题目和摘要,一共包括18篇SCI论文!
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A new kind of search
【摘要】
ChatGPT (2022) was first launched on 22 November 2022, but in only 3 months, it has attracted enormous interest. Reportedly, there are now over 100 million users of the latest system (https://increditools.com/chatgpt-statistics/) that comes from the company OpenAI. It is hard to know if any software has had such an impact over so short a period of time. ChatGPT means Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer. It is software in which any user can ‘chat’ or communicate using digital media, usually on the Internet, primarily to engage in search which can be quite a creative process. These systems access a much wider range of data than the traditional search engines such as Google which mainly use Page Rank algorithms. Various kinds of machine learning are employed in these Chatbots, and to an extent, search is not their only function.
【摘要翻译】
ChatGPT(2022)是在2022年11月22日首次推出的,但仅仅三个月的时间,它就引起了巨大的关注。据报道,来自OpenAI公司的最新系统(https://increditools.com/chatgpt-statistics/)现在拥有超过一亿的用户。很难说是否有任何软件能在如此短的时间内产生如此大的影响。ChatGPT的意思是聊天生成型预训练转换器。任何用户都可以使用数字媒体(通常在互联网上)使用该软件进行“聊天”或交流,主要是为了进行搜索,这可以是一个相当创造性的过程。这些系统访问的数据范围比传统的搜索引擎如Google使用的PageRank算法更广泛。这些聊天机器人使用了各种类型的机器学习,并且在某种程度上,搜索并不是它们唯一的职能。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231165363
【作者信息】
A spatial autoregressive geographically weighted quantile regression to explore housing rent determinants in Amsterdam and Warsaw
空间自回归加权地理加权距定量回归分析在阿姆斯特丹和华沙住房租金决定因素中的应用
【摘要】
A hedonic approach is typically performed to identify housing rental or sales price determinants. However, standard hedonic regression models disregard spatial autocorrelation of prices and heterogeneity of housing preferences across space and over price segments. We developed a spatial autoregressive geographically weighted quantile regression (GWQR-SAR) to address these shortcomings. Using data on the determinants of residential rental prices in Warsaw (Poland) and Amsterdam (The Netherlands) as case studies, we applied GWQR-SAR and rigorously compared its performance with alternative mean and quantile hedonic regressions. The results revealed that GWQR-SAR outperforms other models in terms of fitting accuracy. Compared with mean regressions, GWQR-SAR performs better, especially at the tails of the dependent variable distribution, where non-quantile models overestimate low rent values and underestimate high ones. Policy recommendations for the development of private residential rental markets are provided based on our results, which incorporate spatial effects and price segment requirements.
【摘要翻译】
通常采用享乐主义方法来识别住房租金或售价的决定因素。然而,标准的享乐主义回归模型忽视了价格的时空自相关性和不同空间和价格段住房偏好的异质性。我们开发了空间自回归地理加权量化回归模型(GWQR-SAR)以解决这些不足。使用华沙(波兰)和阿姆斯特丹(荷兰)住宅租金价格决定因素的数据作为案例研究,我们应用GWQR-SAR并严格比较其性能与其他均值和分位数享乐回归模型。结果表明,GWQR-SAR在拟合精度方面优于其他模型。与均值回归相比,GWQR-SAR表现更好,特别是在变量分布的尾部,非分位数模型在低租金值上估计过高,在较高租金值上估计过低。基于我们的结果,提出了基于空间效应和价格段需求的私人住宅租赁市场发展政策建议。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221122790
【作者信息】
马特乌什·托马尔,波兰华沙经济大学不动产与投资经济学系,华沙;乌得勒支大学地理学与空间规划系,乌得勒支,荷兰。马可·赫尔比希,荷兰乌得勒支大学地理学与空间规划系,乌得勒支。
Roughness and intermittency within metropolitan regions - Application in three French conurbations
大都市区域内的粗糙度和间歇性——法国三个大都市区的应用实例
【摘要】
Even though the past three decades have seen numerous crucial investigations on interurban scaling characteristics, there has been less focus on revealing multiscale properties within municipal or metropolitan structures. We demonstrate how a newly developed methodology, the Geographically Weighted Multiscale Analysis (GWMSA) stemming from the theory of multifractal systems, can be used to analyze small-scale urban environments with respect to their intermittency and roughness simultaneously. To this end, apart from the widely used sand-box method, we introduce wavelet coefficients in the multiscale analysis of urban systems. In more detail, the spatially continuous scanning of the three largest French conurbations—Paris, Marseille, and Lyon—over their territories and at length scales ranging from parcel to neighborhood level will allow to derive and compare globally and locally characteristic scaling exponents. Depending on the feature under analysis, the exponents reveal qualitatively distinct structural properties, whereby the viability of our findings is further verified on four exemplary typologies of multiscale behavior in urban systems. To introduce GWMSA, this paper focuses primarily on morphological characteristics and findings provide a compelling alternative to how we capture and define district-scale spatial organization and interdependencies within urban settlements.
【摘要翻译】
尽管过去三十年来对城市间规模特性进行了许多重要的研究,但人们较少关注揭示城市或大都市结构中的多尺度属性。我们展示了如何使用新开发的一种方法——基于多分形系统理论的地理加权多尺度分析(GWMSA)方法,用于分析小规模城市环境中的间歇性和粗糙度。为此,除了广泛使用的沙箱法外,我们还在城市系统的多尺度分析中引入了小波系数。更具体地说,对法国三大都市区——巴黎、马赛和里昂——在其领土上和从地块到邻里级别的长度尺度上连续的空间扫描,将能够得出并比较全球和局部特征的标度指数。根据所分析的特征,指数在定性上揭示了不同的结构属性,同时我们的发现对于四种城市系统中多尺度行为的示例类型也得到了进一步的验证。为了介绍GWMSA,本文主要侧重于形态特征,我们的发现为如何捕获和定义区域规模的城市空间组织和相互依赖提供了有吸引力的替代方案。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221116120
【作者信息】
兰杰·莱昂塞尔在建筑和城市设计领域实践几年后,完成了她在多尺度城市分析和建模领域的博士论文。她模拟了德国鲁尔地区的未来可能移动情况场景,以供现实世界的城市决策过程参考。现在,她在法国里昂高等师范学校的物理实验室担任博士后研究员,重点研究使用多重分形系统的概念和方法来加深对城市结构中多尺度现象的理解。斯蒂芬·鲁克斯1967年出生于法国蒙彼利埃市,1996年在阿克-马赛大学完成了物理学学士学位和博士学位。自2001年9月起,他在法国里昂国家高等师范学校物理实验室担任副教授。他的研究兴趣包括不变性、小波分析及其在物理学、神经科学、艺术和生物学中的实际应用。
弗朗索瓦·塞麦库目前在法国弗朗什-孔泰大学地理系工作,位于法国贝桑松。他主要在计算地理学的背景下进行研究,目前的项目包括多尺度和(多)分形分析。他也是法国国家统计和经济研究所SSP-Lab的地理空间数据科学家。
Stephane Jaffard出生于1962年的法国布洛涅-比扬古。他毕业于巴黎综合理工学校,并在1989年获得了Yves Meyer指导下的关于小波分析的博士学位。自1995年起,他担任巴黎东部Creteil大学的数学教授,并现在是LAMA(分析和数学应用实验室)的联合主任。他曾于2007年至2010年担任法国数学学会会长,也是法国大学院院士。他属于专门应用于应用小波分析和分形分析的4个期刊和1个专著的编辑委员会。他的研究课题包括小波分析和时间-频率分析、分形、傅立叶级数和多重分形分析。他主要关注这些课题的数学方面与其现实生活应用之间的互动。
Patrice Abry出生于法国Bourg-en-Bresse,于1966年获得物理学和信号处理专业教授资格,并在1989年获得Ecole Normale Supe´rieure de Cachan的物理学系教授资格。他在1993-1994年是信号处理领域最佳博士研究生,并被选为IEEE Fellow于2011年。他撰写了一本关于小波、尺度不变性和流体湍流的法语书籍,也是《分形、小波》专著的共同编辑。他于2011年被选为IEEE Fellow,并担任IEEE SPS信号处理理论和方法委员会的委员。在2020年,他获得了法国科学院的Michel Monpetit—INRIA奖。他目前的研究兴趣包括基于小波分析的对统计无标度动态(自相似性、稳定过程、多重分形、1/f过程、长程依赖性)建模和分析。除了在多重分形分析和随机过程设计方面的理论发展和贡献外,Patrice Abry对现实世界的应用表现出浓厚的兴趣,如流体湍流、计算机网络电信、心率变异、神经科学和艺术研究,以及最近的大流行病监测。
Analyzing the impact of three-dimensional visibility value on shopping center retail unit rental prices
分析三维可见度值对购物中心零售单元租金价格的影响
【摘要】
This research examines the effect of a three-dimensional visibility value variable on shopping experience and estimates the contribution to retail units’ rental prices for shopping centers. The visibility value in a three-dimensional scheme is measured by adding storefront area volume to existing two-dimensional calculations. This study utilized an explanatory research design and a quantitative analysis method—a STATA regression test—for 150 store units in Jakarta. All units are permanent physical stores, excluding food courts, anchor, and exhibitions. The results showed that visibility value has the positive effect of increasing the average initial rental price by 6% (IDR15,403). The findings of this research can be useful for shopping center managers when estimating rental rates for retail units and architects when considering the visibility factor when designing shopping centers.
【摘要翻译】
本研究考察了三维可见度值变量对购物体验的影响,并估计了其对购物中心零售单元租金价格的贡献。在三维方案中,可见度值的测量是通过将店面面积体积添加到现有二维计算中来实现的。本研究采用解释性研究设计,并采用定量分析方法-STATA回归测试,对雅加达的150个固定实体店单元进行了分析。所有单元均为永久性实体店,不包括美食广场、主要零售商和展览。结果表明,可见度值的增加对平均初始租金价格有积极影响,增加了6%(IDR15,403)。本研究的发现对于购物中心经理估算零售单元租金率以及建筑师在购物中心设计中考虑可见度因素时可能具有实用价值。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221123329
【作者信息】
阿哈迈德·贾马尔(Ahmad Gamal)获得了伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校的区域规划博士学位(2016年)和城市规划硕士学位(2010年)。他是一位多产的城市规划师,过去曾为国家规划与发展部(BAPPENAS)撰写过强有力的政策审查。他鼓励进行深入的经济影响评估,以量化实体发展,并对其对减贫的后果进行量化。除此之外,他还进行了其他一些研究,如调查雅加达封闭社区住房的价值捕获机制(2020年)和用于城市增长检测的3-D语义分割方法(2019年)。努尔·阿伊尼·哈吉娜西(Nur Aini Khairunnisa)在印度尼西亚大学工程学院的建筑系获得了硕士学位(2020年)和学士学位(2017年)。她的论文研究集中在雅加达购物中心的复杂性和城市背景。她曾在国际工程学生会议(2020年)和智能城市创新国际会议(2020年)上展示过她的研究。在决定进一步追求对房地产的热情之前,她曾作为一名咨询顾问为一家印度尼西亚室内设计公司以及定制家具制造公司工作。
COVID-19 impacts on non-work travel patterns: A place-based investigation using smartphone mobility data
COVID-19对非工作出行模式的影响:基于智能手机移动数据的地点调查
【摘要】
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented changes to our mobility. It has not only changed our work-related travel patterns but also impacted leisure and other utilitarian activities. Non–work-related trips tend to be more seriously affected by the neighborhood/contextual factors such as socioeconomic status (SES), and destination accessibility, and COVID-19 impact on non-work trips may not be equal across different neighborhood SES. This study compares non–work-related travel patterns between the pre- and during COVID-19 pandemic in the City of El Paso, Texas. By utilizing smartphone mobility data, we captured the visitation data for major non-work destinations such as restaurants, supermarkets, drinking places, religious organizations, and parks. We used Census block groups (n = 424) within the city and divided them into low- and high-income neighborhoods based on the citywide median. Overall, the total frequency of visitations and the distances traveled to visit these non-work destinations were influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant variations existed in their visitation patterns by the type of non-work destinations. While the overall COVID-19 effects on non-work activities were evident, its effects on the travel patterns to each destination were not equal by neighborhood SES. We also found that COVID-19 had differently influenced non-work activities between high- and low-income block groups. Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate neighborhood-level inequalities in non-work trips. Thus, safe and affordable transportation options together with compact and walkable community development appear imperative to support daily travel needs for various utilitarian and leisure purposes, especially in low-income neighborhoods.
【摘要翻译】
新冠肺炎大流行给我们的流动性带来了前所未有的变化。它不仅改变了我们与工作相关的旅行模式,也影响了休闲和其他实用活动。与工作无关的旅行往往更严重地受到社会经济地位(SES)和目的地可达性等社区/背景因素的影响,不同社区SES对COVID-19对非工作旅行的影响可能不相等。本研究比较了德克萨斯州埃尔帕索市COVID-19大流行之前和期间与工作无关的旅行模式。通过利用智能手机移动数据,我们捕获了主要非工作目的地的访问数据,如餐馆、超市、饮酒场所、宗教组织和公园。我们使用城市内的人口普查街区组(n = 424),并根据全市中位数将其分为低收入和高收入社区。总体而言,访问这些非工作目的地的总频率和距离受到COVID-19大流行的影响。然而,非工作目的地类型在其访问模式上存在显著差异。虽然COVID-19对非工作活动的总体影响很明显,但其对每个目的地的旅行模式的影响并不等于社区SES。我们还发现,COVID-19对高收入和低收入街区群体的非工作活动有不同的影响。我们的研究结果表明,2019冠状病毒病大流行可能会加剧非工作旅行中的邻里不平等。因此,安全和负担得起的交通选择以及紧凑和步行的社区发展似乎势在必行,以支持各种实用和休闲目的的日常出行需求,特别是在低收入社区。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221124930
【作者信息】
Yang Song,德克萨斯农工大学的助理教授。他从事景观建筑、社区规划和城市设计的交叉研究。他的学术活动重点关注公共场所营造对社区健康和复原力的作用。长期以来,他一直对将数字技术和数据科学应用于景观研究和设计感兴趣。他研究城市公共空间的使用,并发展以人为本的设计理论,以增强积极的生活和经济弹性。
Ownership diversity and fragmentation: A barrier to urban centre resilience
所有权多样化和分散:城市中心恢复力的障碍
【摘要】
Fragmentation of ownership has long been a recognised constraint to UK city centre development, a complexity that is growing in significance as centres try to manage the decline in physical retailing and transform obsolete retail units. Yet, our understanding of the structure of ownership and how that might be facilitating or inhibiting urban change remains weak. In this paper, the objective is to address this gap by examining the structure and diversity of land ownership in five retailing centres - Edinburgh, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool, and Nottingham – between 2000–2017 using original databases created by linking administrative and commercial property data sets. Overall, the analysis finds property ownership to be spatially complex with ownership richness and diversity generally rising over the study period. The study also reveals that ownership structure has been shifting away from financial institutions towards overseas investors, private individuals and unlisted property companies, implying greater fragmentation of ownership. While the greater diversity in ownership should stimulate competition and innovation in property market practices, the shift in balance from equity-rich larger investors towards smaller and sometimes unknown investors makes urban centre management harder to manage. This suggests policymakers need to rethink the urban governance model to find a better way to galvanise the actions of this increasing disparate group of stakeholders if their visions of more resilient, mixed use city centres are to be realised.
【摘要翻译】
所有权分散长期以来一直是英国市中心发展的一个制约因素,随着市中心努力应对实体零售业的衰落和改造过时的零售单位,这种复杂性变得越来越重要。然而,我们对所有权结构的理解以及这种结构如何促进或阻碍城市变化的理解仍然很薄弱。在这篇论文中,我们的目标是解决这个差距,通过使用原始数据库来研究2000-2017年间五个零售中心的土地所有权结构和多样性——爱丁堡、格拉斯哥、赫尔、利物浦和诺丁汉——通过链接行政和商业财产数据集来创建这些原始数据库。总体而言,分析发现财产所有权在空间上非常复杂,所有权丰富性和多样性在研究期间普遍上升。研究表明所有权结构正在从金融机构转向海外投资者、个人和未上市房地产公司,这意味着所有权更加分散。虽然所有权更加多样化应该刺激财产市场实践的竞争和创新,但平衡转向小额投资者和有时是未知投资者使得城市中心管理变得更加困难。这表明政策制定者需要重新思考城市管理模式,找到一种更好的方式来激励越来越多的利益相关者行动起来,如果想要实现更具有弹性、混合用途的城市中心愿景的话。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221124600
【作者信息】
艾莉森·M·奥尔,格拉斯哥大学城市研究与社会政治学学院,英国格拉斯哥乔安娜·L·斯图尔特,格拉斯哥大学城市研究与社会政治学学院,英国格拉斯哥
凯思·杰克逊,谢菲尔德大学城市研究与规划系,英国格拉斯哥
詹姆斯·T·怀特,谢菲尔德大学城市研究与规划系,英国格拉斯哥
Visual impact assessment of urban developments around heritage landmarks using ULVIA method: (The case of Ark-e-Alishah monument in Tabriz)
使用ULVIA方法对遗产地标周围的城市发展进行视觉影响评估:(大埃兰之石塔布里兹的案例)
【摘要】
Urban intensification and erection of high-rise buildings can affect the visibility of urban landmarks and pedestrians’ viewshed toward important monuments. Current 2D and 3D Isovist techniques use static rather than dynamic and cumulative view sheds to analyze visibility. The purpose of this research is to develop a method called ULVIA to assess the average visibility degree of urban landmarks in urban design process. Several factors such as observer and environmental characteristics as well as the concept of cumulative viewshed (using Nurbs data and ray casting in Grasshopper) have been considered to develop this method. Ark-e-Alishah Mosque in Tabriz was selected as a case study and three alternative 3D urban models were reproduced based on data and aerial photos of the monument and its urban context in 2003, 2020 and a proposed model. The ULVIA is executed in sequential steps. The findings reveal that the 2003 urban fabric creates visibility with normal intensity and distribution in all paths, the 2020 option does not have this balance, and the difference between riding and pedestrian mode is higher. The final proposed alternative has a higher visibility intensity and better distribution in both pedestrian and rider modes than other alternatives and therefore UlVIA has the potential to be integrated into urban design process to assess various development alternatives to achieve the best results in terms of historical landmarks’ visibility from surrounding environments.
【摘要翻译】
城市密集和高楼的建设会影响城市地标和行人对重要纪念碑的可视性。目前使用的二维和三维等值线技术使用静态而不是动态和累积的视野来分析可视性。本研究旨在开发一种名为ULVIA的方法,以评估城市地标在城市设计过程中的平均可视度程度。考虑到观察者和环境特性等因素以及累积视野的概念(使用Nurbs数据和在Grasshopper中的射线投射),开发了这种方法。选择了阿克-艾-阿里沙清真寺作为案例研究,并根据该纪念碑及其城市背景在2003年、2020年和提议的模型的数据和航拍照片中重建了三种替代的3D城市模型。ULVIA按顺序执行。结果表明,2003年的城市结构在所有路径上创造了正常强度和分布的可视性,而2020年的选择则没有这种平衡,骑行和步行模式之间的差异更大。最后提议的替代方案在步行和骑行模式中的可视性强度和分布比其他替代方案更好,因此,ULVIA有潜力被整合到城市设计过程中,以评估各种开发替代方案,从而在周围环境的可视性方面实现历史地标的最优结果。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221123812
【作者信息】
莫特扎·米尔高拉米是德黑兰伊斯兰艺术大学建筑与城市规划系的城市设计副教授,自2009年以来一直在教授建筑和城市设计课程。他的研究兴趣包括城市和建筑的社会方面、公共空间、社会可持续性、叙事城市规划和地方/全球互动。他已发表超过60篇的ISI和ISC期刊论文,并在伊朗、意大利、土耳其、加拿大、美国和澳大利亚发表了几篇会议论文。阿米尔·沙基巴曼舍是一位拥有超过12年专业经验的城市设计师。他目前是德黑兰艺术大学城市设计方面的副教授,也是虚拟现实和新技术的实验室主任(专注于城市设计和建筑)。
西尔万·萨利米是一位城市设计研究生,来自TIAU大学。他的研究兴趣包括城市可见度的分析方面和景观。他的硕士论文题为“通过视域分析对塔比兹城市地标周围物理发展对可视性的影响的研究和评估”,这篇文章是从由莫特扎·米尔高拉米博士和阿米尔·沙基巴曼舍博士指导的硕士城市设计论文中摘录出来的,作为满足城市设计硕士学位的要求。
Factors influencing vertical urban development at the parcel scale: The case in Brisbane, Australia
地块尺度下城市垂直发展的影响因素——以澳大利亚布里斯班为例
【摘要】
Increasing urban density has become an important focus in mitigating the adverse impacts of urban sprawl. A common way to increase urban density is the development of multi-story residential housing, or vertical urban development (VUD). Compared to low-rise detached housing, VUD has been purported to be more effective in mitigating the adverse impact of urban sprawl. This paper examines factors influencing VUD through a case study of Brisbane, Australia. Three types of housing developments – low-rise detached houses, low-rise apartments, and medium- to high-rise apartments – are explored, with the latter two types classified as VUD. Building on the literature that suggests a range of environmental, socio-demographic, built environment, and planning regulations factors driving or constraining VUD, our study further explores how land parcel size and parcel change over time either through parcel amalgamation or subdivision as factors driving VUD. The findings show that parcel size and parcel amalgamation are key factors leading to VUD, particularly in the form of medium- to high-rise apartment development. On the other hand, land use upzoning alone does not appear to be sufficient to drive VUD. Our study enriches the understanding of the scale effects of land parcels and zoning regulation on vertical urban development, and contributes to parcel-based land use planning policies that are targeted at more intensive urban land use.
【摘要翻译】
提高城市密度已成为缓解城市蔓延不利影响的重要焦点。增加城市密度的一种常见方法是开发多层住宅,或垂直城市开发(VUD)。与低层独立式住宅相比,VUD据称在减轻城市扩张的不利影响方面更有效。本文以澳大利亚布里斯班为例,探讨了影响VUD的因素。三种类型的住房开发-低层独立式住宅,低层公寓和中高层公寓-被探索,后两种类型被归类为VUD。在提出一系列环境、社会人口、建筑环境和规划法规因素驱动或限制VUD的文献基础上,我们的研究进一步探讨了地块大小和地块如何随着时间的推移通过地块合并或细分作为驱动VUD的因素而变化。研究结果表明,地块面积和地块合并是导致VUD的关键因素,特别是在中高层公寓开发形式中。另一方面,土地利用升级分区本身似乎不足以推动VUD。我们的研究丰富了对地块规模效应和分区调控对垂直城市发展的理解,有助于制定基于地块的土地利用规划政策,以更集约的城市土地利用为目标。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221129283
【作者信息】
Yuanyuan Huang,布里斯班昆士兰大学地球与环境科学学院的博士研究生。她目前的研究方向是城市垂直增长和住宅偏好。她的博士研究旨在通过探索居民对住房选择的偏好以及对城市住宅景观的空间影响来增强对垂直住宅发展的理解。A method to derive small area estimates of linked commuting trips by mode from open source LODES and ACS data
从开源LODES和ACS数据中获取小区域交通出行链接方式估计值的方法
【摘要】
This paper describes a fully customizable open source method to create linked origin-destination data on commuting flows by mode at the Census tract scale by combining LODES and ACS data from the US Census Bureau. With additional work, the method could be scaled to the entire US (with a small number of exceptions) for every year from 2002 to 2019. For demonstration purposes, the paper applies this method to 2015 commuting flows in Cook County, Illinois. At an aggregate scale, the results of this application show that commuting by all modes is dominated by travel to large regional employment centres. However, the pattern is more localised for the walking mode, and focused along corridors of mode-specific infrastructure investment for the cycling and transit modes, as might be expected. The auto and work from home modes demonstrate the most distributed pattern of travel, revealing more instances of commuting to regional sub-centres than the other modes.
【摘要翻译】
本文介绍了一种完全可定制的开源方法,该方法结合美国人口普查局提供的LODES数据和ACS数据,在普查地段尺度上创建关于交通流中各种方式的联接起终点数据。通过进一步的工作,该方法可以扩展到整个美国(有少数例外),从2002年到2019年的每年。为演示目的,本文将这种方法应用于伊利诺伊州库克县的2015年通勤流。在总体规模上,这种方法的应用结果表明,所有方式的通勤都以前往大型区域就业中心为主导。然而,步行方式的模式更具地方性,并且沿着特定基础设施投资走廊集中在通勤和通勤模式上。与其它方式相比,远程工作和通勤模式显示出最分散的出行模式,表明前往区域次级中心通勤的情况比其它方式更多。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221129614
【作者信息】
赞德·阿瑙,美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市芝加哥学院。
Geographies of grocery shopping in major Canadian cities: Evidence from large-scale mobile app data
加拿大主要城市杂货购物地理研究:基于大规模移动应用数据的研究证据
【摘要】
Socioeconomic and place-based factors contribute to grocery shopping patterns which may be important for diet and health. Big data provide the opportunity to explore behaviours at the population level. We used data collected from Flipp, a free all-in-one savings and deals content app, to identify visitation to grocery stores and estimate home-to-store distances, monthly frequencies and number of unique stores visited in eight Canadian cities during 2020. Grocery shopping outcomes and associations with income, population density and percentage of car commuters were explored using data aggregated at the Aggregate Dissemination Area level in which app users lived. Changes in patterns of grocery shopping following restrictions implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic were also investigated. The median of average home-to-store distances ranged from 4 to 5 km across all cities throughout 2020. Shorter distances for grocery shopping were shown consistently for shoppers living in lower income, densely populated and low car-commuting ADAs. A maximum of three unique supermarkets were visited on average each month. Decreases in the frequency and variability of grocery store visits were shown across all cities in April 2020 following the implementation of restrictions in response to COVID-19, and pre-pandemic levels of shopping were rarely achieved by the end of the year. Ultimately, these results provide much needed information regarding the characteristics of grocery shopping trips in a high-income country, as well as how food shopping was impacted by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This information will be useful for a range of future studies seeking to characterise access to food retail.
【摘要翻译】
社会经济和基于地点的因素对杂货店购物模式有贡献,这可能对饮食和健康很重要。大数据提供了在人口水平上探索行为的机遇。我们使用从Flipp收集的数据,Flipp是一款免费的储蓄和优惠内容应用程序,用于识别2020年在加拿大八个城市访问杂货店的情况,并估算从家到商店的距离、每月频率和访问的独特商店数量。使用应用用户所在的聚合传播区域(Aggregate Dissemination Area,简称ADA)级别的数据,探索杂货店购物结果和与收入、人口密度和驾车通勤者百分比相关的因素。还调查了COVID-19大流行病应对措施实施后杂货店购物模式的变化。2020年全年所有城市中,从家到商店的平均距离中位数在4到5公里之间。低收入、人口密集和低驾车通勤者百分比的家庭购物距离相对较短。平均每个月最多访问三个独特的超市。在所有城市中,随着COVID-19应对措施的实施,商店访问频率和变化在2020年4月都出现了下降,到年底时,商店访问频率和变化都减少了。最终,这些结果提供了有关高收入国家购物行程特点以及食品购物如何受到COVID-19大流行病的影响的宝贵信息。这些信息将有助于未来一系列研究了解食品零售的可达性。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221129272
【作者信息】
琳赛·史密斯是多伦多大学地理和规划系的一名助理教授,她的研究重点是如何理解和研究环境和社会背景对人类行为以及相关健康结果的影响。她最近的研究项目包括使用GPS、时间利用和定性数据来量化家庭食物环境,以及探索由于新的交通基础设施而引起的身体活动变化。玛姬·马是多伦多大学统计学、人文地理学和地理信息系统专业的毕业生,她的研究兴趣包括空间统计学、机器学习、预测建模和数据可视化。
迈克尔·威德纳是多伦多大学交通与健康系的一名副教授和加拿大研究教授。他的研究兴趣包括食物环境、健康地理、交通和城市。
史蒂文·法贝尔是多伦多大学人文地理学系的一名副教授,他的研究兴趣包括交通和空间分析。
The impact of geometric and land use elements on the perceived pleasantness of urban layouts
几何要素和土地利用要素对城市布局可感知舒适度的影响
【摘要】
This article presents a model to estimate the impact of geometric and land use elements on citizens’ perception of urban layout pleasantness. An ordinal regression cumulative link mixed model with those elements as regressors is proposed and calibrated using data from an online survey. Results show that landscape building height and density of green areas are the factors that most impact the perception of pleasantness. Based on the model, a methodology to derive pleasantness mean scores for a city is also proposed and applied to a case study. The methodology allows for benchmarking the pleasantness of different cities or comparing neighborhoods within a city. It can be used both as an urban evaluation tool and a decision-aid for city expansion programs.
【摘要翻译】
本文提出一种模型,用于估计城市布局舒适度中几何和土地利用元素对市民感知的影响。本文提出并使用在线调查数据校准了一个包含这些元素的序贯回归累积链接混合模型。结果表明,建筑高度和绿地绿化的密度是影响舒适度感知的最重要因素。基于该模型,提出了一种用于推导城市舒适度平均分的方法,并将其应用于案例研究。该方法允许对不同城市的舒适度进行基准比较或对城市内不同街区的舒适度进行比较。该方法既可以作为城市评估工具,也可以作为城市扩张计划的决策辅助工具。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221129879
【作者信息】
若昂·库蒂尼奥-罗德里格斯是科英布拉大学科学与技术学院土木工程系主任(2019-2021年)和正教授,自1980年起一直在该系工作。他也是科英布拉大学系统工程决策支持小组的高级研究员。他获得了科英布拉大学土木工程5年本科学位、计算机科学硕士学位和土木工程博士学位。他的研究兴趣包括:决策支持系统、多标准分析、网络、GIS以及在城市/环境/交通运输工程中的应用。他发表的论文包括但不限于:计算机辅助土木与基础设施工程、计算机操作研究、决策支持系统、工程优化、工程可持续发展-土木工程师学会、环境与规划B:城市分析科学和城市规划、欧洲运筹学杂志、计算与决策科学基础、地理分析、计算机应用技术国际期刊、商业物流期刊、基础设施系统期刊-美国土木工程师学会、交通运输地理期刊、市政工程-土木工程师学会(2017年最佳论文奖)、社会-经济规划科学、可持续性、交通政策、运输研究-A:政策和实际、运输研究-B:方法、运输记录、废物管理、水力与水电建设。努诺·苏萨拥有科英布拉大学物理系4年物理学本科学位(1995年)和理论物理学理学硕士学位(1998年),以及奈梅亨大学(现称为拉德堡大学)高等粒子物理学(弦理论)博士学位(2003年)。他是葡萄牙开放大学科学与技术系的助理教授。此外,他还曾在波尔图大学和里斯本技术大学(高级技术研究所)担任博士后职位,并在葡萄牙其他高等教育机构担任多个教学职位。他是系统工程与计算机研究所的研究员。他目前的研究兴趣包括运筹学主题,如多目标建模、定位、路由、可达性分析、地理信息系统、元启发式和基于物理的方法在优化中的应用。他已在《物理学通讯》、《核物理学》、《现代国际物理学》、《计算机辅助土木与基础设施工程》、《工程优化》、《基础设施系统期刊-美国土木工程师协会》、《市政工程师-土木工程师学会》(2017年最佳论文奖)、《可持续性》和《运输政策》等科学期刊上发表过论文。
爱德华多·纳迪维斯达-耶稣目前是科英布拉理工学院土木工程系(自1996年以来)的教授和里斯本工程师学院决策支持系统小组的研究员。他的研究兴趣包括:城市再生、住房评估、项目管理、评估、决策支持系统、多标准分析、GIS。他获得了科英布拉大学土木工程专业的五年制学士学位、土木工程(建筑科学)硕士学位和土木工程博士学位。除了其他期刊和会议论文集之外,他还发表在《决策支持系统》、《市政工程师-土木工程师学会》和《可持续性》杂志上。
若昂·蒙特罗是科英布拉大学土木工程专业的理学硕士(2018年毕业),目前是科英布拉大学城市规划博士研究生。他的研究关注城市形态基准分析,由里斯本工程师学院研发单位的高级研究员指导。他获得了葡萄牙公共机构FCT(支持科学、技术和创新的机构,在所有科学领域中负责科学、技术和高等教育部的责任)提供的博士奖学金。
Measuring and mapping neighborhood opportunity: A comparison of opportunity indices in California
测量和绘制邻里机会:加利福尼亚机会指数的比较
【摘要】
Backed by decades of empirical research, there has been increasing acknowledgment in policy, practice and research of the importance of neighborhood opportunity in shaping well-being. This has led to the proliferation of opportunity maps in cities throughout the United States with the purpose of identifying low opportunity neighborhoods in need of investment and intervention and high opportunity neighborhoods that can offer access to resources and amenities to disadvantaged population groups. By explicitly linking investment to the identification of neighborhoods that are high or low in opportunity, opportunity indices have the potential to help transform local and regional landscapes of spatial inequality. Despite this common goal, indices rely on varying theoretical conceptualizations, data, variables, and statistical approaches. How much these opportunity definitions overlap has yet to be fully examined. In this study, we compared five approaches to measuring neighborhood opportunity in California. We found low to moderate overlap across the indices, with disagreement higher for low opportunity designations. As with any quantitative analysis, opportunity mapping is not a purely technical exercise and requires a series of subjective decisions. The only way to validate these decisions is for opportunity measures to be constructed transparently and vetted by the research community. This study is a first step in this process.
【摘要翻译】
基于几十年的经验性研究,在政策、实践和研究中对邻里机会在塑造幸福感方面的重要性有了越来越多的认识。这导致美国各地的城市机会地图大量涌现,旨在识别需要投资和干预的低机会邻里以及能够为弱势群体提供资源和便利设施的高机会邻里。通过明确地将投资与机会的识别联系起来,机会指数有可能帮助改变空间不平等的当地和区域景观。尽管目标相同,但指数依赖于不同的理论概念化、数据、变量和统计方法。这些机会定义之间的重叠程度有多少还有待充分研究。在本文中,我们比较了加利福尼亚州用于测量邻里机会的五种方法。我们发现这些指数之间的重叠程度较低,对于低机会的认定存在分歧。与任何定量分析一样,机会制图并非纯粹的技术性活动,而是需要一系列主观决策。要验证这些决策,唯一的方法就是透明地构建机会衡量标准,并由研究界进行审查。本文是这一过程的第一步。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221129616
【作者信息】
诺利·巴西是加州大学戴维斯分校人类生态学系的一名助理教授,他的研究兴趣包括理解邻里不平等、居住流动和空间人口统计的原因和后果。珍妮·瓦格纳是加州大学戴维斯分校公共卫生科学系的一名公共卫生专业博士研究生,她研究结构不平等产生健康差异的机制,特别是居住环境如何塑造一生中的健康状况。
雷萨尔·拉米尔是加利福尼亚公民参与中心的项目协调员和行政助理。她在加州大学戴维斯分校获得了社区和区域发展学士学位。
Evaluating the effects of heat vulnerability on heat-related emergency medical service incidents: Lessons from Austin, Texas
评估热脆弱性对热相关紧急医疗服务事件的影响:来自德克萨斯州奥斯汀的经验教训
【摘要】
Extreme heat exposure and sensitivity have been a growing concern in urban regions as the effects of extreme heat pose a threat to public health, the water supply, and the infrastructure. Heat-related illnesses demand an immediate Emergency Medical Service (EMS) response since they might result in death or serious disability if not treated quickly. Despite increased concerns about urban heat waves and relevant health issues, a limited amount of research has investigated the effects of heat vulnerability on heat-related illnesses. This study explores the geographical distribution of heat vulnerability in the city of Austin and Travis County areas of Texas and identifies neighborhoods with a high degree of heat vulnerability and restricted EMS accessibility. We conducted negative binomial regressions to investigate the effects of heat vulnerability on heat-related EMS incidents. Heat-related EMS calls have increased in neighborhoods with more impervious surfaces, Hispanics, those receiving social benefits, people living alone, and the elderly. Higher urban capacity, including efficient road networks, water areas, and green spaces, is likely to reduce heat-related EMS incidents. This study provides data-driven evidence to help planners prioritize vulnerable locations and concentrate local efforts on addressing heat-related health concerns.
【摘要翻译】
由于极端高温的影响对公共卫生、供水和基础设施构成威胁,城市地区对极端高温的暴露和敏感性日益受到关注。与热有关的疾病需要紧急医疗服务(EMS)立即响应,因为如果不迅速治疗,它们可能导致死亡或严重残疾。尽管人们越来越关注城市热浪和相关的健康问题,但有限的研究调查了热脆弱性对热相关疾病的影响。本研究探讨了德克萨斯州奥斯汀市和特拉维斯县地区热脆弱性的地理分布,并确定了具有高度热脆弱性和有限的EMS可达性的社区。我们采用负二项回归来研究热脆弱性对热相关EMS事件的影响。在不透水的社区、西班牙裔、领取社会福利的人、独居者和老年人中,与高温有关的急救电话有所增加。更高的城市容量,包括高效的道路网络、水域和绿地,可能会减少与热有关的EMS事件。这项研究提供了数据驱动的证据,以帮助规划者优先考虑易受伤害的地点,并集中当地努力解决与热有关的健康问题。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221129618
【作者信息】
Kijin Seong,德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校建筑学院的博士后研究员。她的研究重点是气候适应能力、灾害恢复能力、减灾和气候变化适应以及环境公平的智慧城市框架。A data-driven investigation on park visitation and income mixing of visitors in New York City
基于数据的纽约市公园游客数量与收入混合调查
【摘要】
It is crucial to understand the current pattern of urban park visitation to achieve environmental justice. Current discussions of environmental equity of parks mainly focus on the inequality provision measured by park accessibility, park area, park quality, and park congestion, ignoring the inequity of social benefits through interactions among mixed-income groups. Based on fine-grained mobile phone location data at the census block group level in 2018 and 2019, we explored visitation patterns and the mixed-income levels of visitors in urban parks in New York City. The visitors were divided into five income groups, with the “income entropy” used as a measure of the mixed level of the visitors in terms of income groups. We answered an important question: what factors affect the visitation intensity and the mixed level of income groups in urban park visitors? Our results revealed that the time of year and season, the parks’ characteristics, the built environment, and the socioeconomic characteristics of the park’s surrounding neighborhoods have strong associations with park use patterns. We also offered implications for urban planning and urban design to promote park visitation and income-diverse park use and improve social inclusion and environmental equity.
【摘要翻译】
了解城市公园旅游的现状对实现环境正义至关重要。目前关于公园环境公平的讨论主要集中在以公园可达性、公园面积、公园质量和公园拥堵程度衡量的不平等供给上,忽略了混合收入群体之间相互作用带来的社会效益不平等。基于2018年和2019年人口普查街区级别的细粒度手机定位数据,研究了纽约市城市公园游客的访问模式和混合收入水平。游客被分成五个收入组,“收入熵”被用来衡量游客在收入组方面的混合水平。我们回答了一个重要的问题:是什么因素影响了城市公园游客的参观强度和收入群体的混合水平?研究结果表明,一年中的时间和季节、公园的特征、建成环境和公园周围社区的社会经济特征与公园的使用模式有很强的关联。我们还为城市规划和城市设计提供了启示,以促进公园游客和收入多样化的公园使用,并改善社会包容和环境公平。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221130708
【作者信息】
Xiao Huang,阿肯色大学地球科学系的助理教授。他的研究主要集中在计算社会科学、城市信息学、人与环境相互作用和高级地理空间分析。
Factors influencing the performance of virtual reality in urban planning: Evidence from a View corridor Virtual Reality project, Beijing
城市规划中虚拟现实绩效的影响因素:来自观景走廊虚拟现实项目的证据,北京
【摘要】
Virtual reality (VR) technologies, as new forms of planning support systems (PSSs), are becoming increasingly vital to planning. However, there is a lack of empirical research on factors influencing VR’s supportive role from a user perspective, thus producing barriers to VR’s advancement in planning practices. This neglect motivates the focus of this study, in which we adapt relevant PSS theory to build a conceptual framework that examines factors influencing VR performance in an experience-based environment. Empirical data are gathered predominantly through students’experiences with and evaluation of the “Viewing the Western Hills at Yinding Bridge” (Yinding Guanshan) VR Project—a VR system developed to optimize the view corridor of Beijing’s Western Hills. The results show large variability in factors influencing VR performance. In general, the effects of six factors are significant, including 3D visualization, simulating real-world scenes, user-friendliness, interactivity, inspiring participants’ enthusiasm, and inspiring creative thinking. These factors are attributed to the functionality, usability and innovativeness dimensions of VR systems. This study concludes that to realize the supportive and useful role of VR in planning, at minimum, these six factors should be explicitly taken into account.
【摘要翻译】
虚拟现实(VR)技术作为一种新型的规划支持系统(pss),在规划中发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而,缺乏从用户角度对虚拟现实支持作用的影响因素的实证研究,从而阻碍了虚拟现实在规划实践中的发展。这种忽视激发了本研究的重点,在该研究中,我们采用相关的PSS理论来构建一个概念框架,该框架考察了在基于体验的环境中影响VR表现的因素。实证数据主要是通过学生对“银顶桥观西山”(银顶观山)VR项目的体验和评估来收集的。“银顶桥观西山”是一个为优化北京西山观景走廊而开发的VR系统。结果表明,影响VR性能的因素存在很大差异。总体而言,3D可视化、模拟真实场景、用户友好性、互动性、激发参与者热情、激发创造性思维这六个因素的效果是显著的。这些因素归因于VR系统的功能性、可用性和创新性维度。本研究认为,要实现虚拟现实在规划中的支持和有益作用,至少应明确考虑这六个因素。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221130709
【作者信息】
Shangyi Zhou,北京师范大学地理科学学院教授。她目前的研究方向包括规划支持系统在地理教育和文化地理学中的应用。Disadvantaged communities have lower access to urban infrastructure
弱势社区在获取城市基础设施方面处于不利地位
【摘要】
Disparity in spatial accessibility is strongly associated with growing inequalities among urban communities. Since improving levels of accessibility for certain communities can provide them with upward social mobility and address social exclusion and inequalities in cities, it is important to understand the nature and distribution of spatial accessibility among urban communities. To support decision-makers in achieving inclusion and fairness in policy interventions in cities, we present an open and data-driven framework to understand the spatial nature of accessibility to infrastructure among the different demographics. We find that accessibility to a wide range of infrastructure in any city (54 cities) converges to a Zipf’s law, suggesting that inequalities also appear proportional to growth processes in these cities. Then, assessing spatial inequalities among the socioeconomically clustered urban profiles for 10 of those cities, we find urban communities are distinctly segregated along social and spatial lines. We find low accessibility scores for populations who have a larger share of minorities, earn less and have a relatively lower number of individuals with a university degree. These findings suggest that the reproducible framework we propose may be instrumental in understanding processes leading to spatial inequalities and in supporting cities to devise targeted measures for addressing inequalities for certain underprivileged communities.
【摘要翻译】
空间可达性差异与城市社区之间不断扩大的不平等密切相关。由于提高某些社区的可达性水平可以为它们提供社会地位上升的机会,并解决城市中的社会排斥和不平等问题,因此了解城市社区之间可达性的空间性质和分布非常重要。为了支持决策者实现城市政策干预中的包容和公平,我们提出一个开放和数据驱动的框架,以了解不同人口之间基础设施可达性的空间特性。我们发现任何城市(54个城市)中各种基础设施的可达性都遵循Zipf定律,这表明可达性的不平等也与这些城市的发展进程成比例。接着,评估这10个城市中社会经济集群的城市轮廓之间的空间不平等性,我们发现城市社区在社会和空间上明显隔离。我们发现少数民族人口比例较高、收入较低且拥有相对较少大学学位的人口具有较低的可达性得分。这些发现表明,我们提出的可重复使用的框架可能在理解导致空间不平等的进程以及支持城市制定针对特定弱势社区的措施方面发挥重要作用。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221131044
【作者信息】
莱昂纳多·尼科莱蒂是代尔夫特理工大学工程与政策分析计划的研究生。他是一名可视化工程师和信息设计师,专注于数据新闻。米哈伊尔·西伦科夫是代尔夫特理工大学韧性实验室的博士后研究员,隶属于欧盟项目HeROS的4TU韧性工程中心。他的研究兴趣是数据科学和可视化以及模拟模型。目前,他正在研究城市韧性。
特里维克·维马是代尔夫特理工大学助理教授,他的研究重点是以公平和公正的方式应对城市化挑战。具体来说,他使用空间数据科学方法、复杂网络分析和参与制图来开发计算工具,以推进城市科学的理论和实践。
Visualizing the uneven accessibility to nucleic acid testing services in Shenzhen under China’s COVID control measures
可视化深圳疫情防控下核酸检测服务可及性的不均衡
【摘要】
Under China’s “dynamic zero” COVID-19 policy, Shenzhen required its residents to present a negative nucleic acid testing result within 24 or 48 h to access most public spaces and transit until most recently. The uneven accessibility to testing services could render certain groups vulnerable to mobility disadvantage (e.g., denied access to public transport). Using data of nucleic acid testing services and residents’positioning points, I created a cartogram to capture the spatial distribution of people’s activities and that of testing services in Shenzhen. The cartogram indicates that the nucleic acid testing services were spatially concentrated in a way inconsistent with the distribution of people’s daily activities. Several girds exhibit high presence of activities but low or no provision of testing services that were necessary for residents to accessing public spaces and transport. The cartogram casts light to potential consequence of regular nucleic acid testing on mobility equality.
【摘要翻译】
在中国的“动态零”政策下,直到最近,深圳要求其居民在24或48小时内出示核酸检测结果阴性才能进入大多数公共场所和交通工具。检测服务的可及性参差不齐可能使某些群体易受移动性不利的影响(例如,无法使用公共交通工具)。利用核酸检测服务数据和居民定位点数据,制作了深圳市人群活动和检测服务空间分布的制图。从图中可以看出,核酸检测服务在空间上较为集中,与人们的日常活动分布不一致。有几个小区活动频繁,但居民出入公共场所和交通工具所需的检测服务很少或根本没有提供。该图表揭示了常规核酸检测对流动性平等的潜在影响。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231153402
【作者信息】
Zifeng Chen,中山大学地理与规划学院城市地理学副教授。主要研究方向为活动-旅行行为和城市/城市-区域的空间结构。紫峰目前的出版物主要集中在社会经济差异与城市居民对城市机会的空间可达性之间的关系,以及利用人口流动数据描绘城市功能区。
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