本次给大家整理的是《Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science》杂志2023年1月第50卷第1期的论文的题目和摘要，一共包括17篇SCI论文！
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1
The Link between Theory and Practice
In highly applied professional fields which are focussed on relatively ill-defined problems, the division between theory and practice is often considerable. This is certainly the case in urban planning and policymaking where the inherent complexity of the situation is such that there can never be a consistent and complete theory of how such systems work. In fact, such complexity characterises most if not all systems that involve human decision making such as cities. Their many dimensional nature, their continued volatility where there do not appear to be any equilibrium conditions and the continuing increase in their complexity as new technologies and human behaviours emerge continually distort the tools and methods that we bring to bear on our understanding and the future design of our cities.
在应用性极强的专业领域，特别是针对相对模糊的问题，理论和实践的界限往往相当明显。城市规划和决策制定就是这样一个领域，由于其固有的复杂性，我们永远无法构建出关于此类系统如何运作的一致而完整的理论。事实上，这种复杂性也体现在大多数涉及人类决策的系统，比如城市。其多维性、持续的不稳定性（似乎没有平衡条件）、以及随着新科技和人类行为的涌现而持续增强的复杂性，不断地扭曲我们用于理解和未来设计城市的工具和方法。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221149271
迈克尔·巴提，英国伦敦大学学院。
2
Developing urban biking typologies: Quantifying the complex interactions of bicycle ridership, bicycle network and built environment characteristics
Extensive research has been conducted exploring associations between built environment characteristics and biking. However, these approaches have often lacked the ability to understand the interactions of the built environment, population and bicycle ridership. To overcome these limitations, this study aimed to develop novel urban biking typologies using unsupervised machine learning methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of travel surveys, bicycle infrastructure and population and land use characteristics in the Greater Melbourne region, Australia. To develop the urban biking typology, we used a k-medoids clustering method. Analyses revealed 5 clusters. We highlight areas with high bicycle network density and a high proportion of trips made by bike (Cluster 1; reflecting 12% of the population of Greater Melbourne, but 57% of all bike trips) and areas with high off-road and on-road bicycle network length, but a low proportion of trips made by bike (Cluster 4, reflecting 23% of the population of Greater Melbourne and 13% of all bike trips). Our novel approach to developing an urban biking typology enabled the exploration of the interaction of bicycle ridership, the bicycle network, population and land use characteristics. Such approaches are important in advancing our understanding of bicycling behaviour, but further research is required to understand the generalisability of these findings to other settings.
已经对建筑环境特征与骑行之间的关联进行了广泛的研究。然而，这些方法往往缺乏理解建筑环境、人口和骑行之间的相互作用的能力。为了克服这些局限性，本研究旨在使用无监督的机器学习方法来开发新型城市骑行类型。我们对澳大利亚墨尔本大都市区的出行调查、自行车基础设施以及人口和土地利用特征进行了回溯分析。为了开发城市骑行类型，我们使用了k-medoids聚类方法。分析显示了5个集群。我们强调了自行车网络密度高且自行车出行比例也高的区域（集群1，反映了墨尔本大都市区12%的人口，但自行车出行比例占到了57%），以及自行车网络长度高，但自行车出行比例低的区域（集群4，反映了墨尔本大都市区23%的人口和13%的自行车出行比例）。我们开发新型城市骑行类型的这种方法，使我们能够探索骑行人数、自行车网络、人口和土地利用特征之间的相互作用。这种方法的推广应用对于增进我们对骑行行为的理解非常重要，但需要进一步研究来了解这些发现是否适用于其他环境。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221100827
Ben Beck，澳大利亚维多利亚州墨尔本莫纳什大学公共卫生与预防医学学院。
The shape and size of urban blocks
Two measures of shape compactness and fragmentation are coupled together into a plot that is defined as a two-dimensionalmatrix for classifying boundary shapes. Block shapes in a large sample of cities result in a swallowtail distribution in the matrix, which exposes two fundamental ways of transforming the basic compact block: by dissection, corresponding to large blocks with internal dendritic streets, and by stretching and bending, corresponding to serpentine blocks in hilly terrains and edge blocks along highways, railroads, and canals. The density of cases in each matrix zone reveals the realization of actual blocks out of the probable shape combinations as a manifestation of the social logic of urban form. The observed affinity between the shape and size of non-basic blocks in cities is used to formulate a model that explains them according to the constraints of arranging plots along the streets combined with the requirements for the intelligibility of navigation and the minimization of travel distance. Considering blocks as intra-street cells, the proposed block classification reveals important links between topological and geometric aspects of the street networks thus contributing to urban modeling, morphological classification, and comparative studies.
将形状紧凑度和碎片化的两个度量结合在一起绘制成二维矩阵图，用于分类边界形状。在大量城市样本中的块形状导致矩阵中的燕尾分布，这暴露了两种基本方式来转化基本紧凑块：通过分解，对应于具有内部分枝街道的大型块；通过拉伸和弯曲，对应于在丘陵地带的蛇形块和沿公路、铁路和运河的边缘块。每个矩阵区内的案例密度揭示了实际块从可能形状组合中实现的情况，这是城市形式的社会逻辑的体现。观察到城市中非基本块的形状和大小之间的亲和力，据此形成一种模型，根据街道上布置图形的约束以及导航可读性和最小旅行距离的要求来解释它们。将块视为街道内的单元格时，提出的块分类揭示了街道网络在拓扑和几何方面的关键联系，从而有助于城市建模、形态分类和比较研究。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221098744
埃尔马尔·什普祖是肯尼索州立大学建筑学教授，也是埃默里大学的客座教授。他的研究兴趣包括空间形态、城市形态史、城市复杂系统以及工作场所设计。他研究亚得里亚海和爱奥尼亚海岸城市的发展、巴尔干半岛的城市转型、形态描述以及建筑环境中的形态与流通网络之间的联系。他于1969年在斯库台出生，毕业于地拉那理工学院、伦敦大学学院巴特莱特建筑学院和乔治亚理工学院。他教授空间分析、城市设计理论、环境技术等课程，以及城市设计和环境设计的实践课程。
4
Time, the other dimension of urban form: Measuring the relationship between urban density and accessibility to grocery shops in the 10-minute city
Compact settlements take advantage of economies of scale by sustaining a system of high-quality socio-economic services at close proximities. Urban density with a balanced mix of uses also benefits walking and cycling as mobility modes that provide sufficient access to urban amenities, especially when combined with effective public transport. Indeed, walking and cycling can decrease the use of cars for short-distance trips. From this perspective, urban density can help to reduce pollution, optimise energy consumption and decrease infrastructural expenditures while contributing to more attractive urban environments. These ideas have induced a new wave of time geography planning concepts, such as the ‘10-minute city’, to enhance urban sustainability. For these concepts to move beyond visionary narratives, they must be expressed in specific empirical frameworks. Thus, the current research focuses on accessibility to grocery shops, as an essential urban service, in the Stavanger metropolitan area (Norway) using 10 minutes isochrones for walking and cycling. The study integrates open data, GIS network analyses, statistical regressions and bivariate representations of the results. The research estimates the level of serviceability by quantifying the number of shops that are accessible for each location and interrelates this estimation with spatial and population densities. The paper also presents a method to detect spatial inequalities by visualising over/under-serviced areas. This visualisation can become a tool to support strategies to rebalance such imbalances. Moreover, this study offers a practical approach towards the ‘10-minute city’ concept, as it can be adjusted to different isochrones at different spatial scales. In general, this approach can serve both to analyse existing contexts and to model strategies to support sustainability policies, such as urban densification and the promotion of environmental-friendly transport.
紧凑型住区通过维持在近距离的高质量社会经济服务的系统，利用了规模经济的优势。平衡使用各种用途的城市密度也有利于步行和骑行作为流动性模式，为城市设施提供足够的访问权，特别是当与有效的公共交通相结合时。实际上，步行和骑行可以减少短途驾车出行。从这个角度看，城市密度有助于减少污染、优化能源消耗、减少基础设施开支，同时促进更具吸引力的城市环境。这些想法引发了新的时间地理规划概念，如“10分钟城市”，以增强城市可持续性。为了将这些概念从愿景叙事中发展出来，必须将其表达在具体的经验框架中。因此，本研究以10分钟步行和骑行的等时线来研究斯塔万格都会区（挪威）的杂货店可达性，将开放数据、GIS网络分析、统计回归和结果的双变量表示法整合在一起。通过量化每个位置可达商店的数量来估计服务水平，并把这种估计与空间和人口密度联系起来，从而确定服务能力的高低。此外，该研究还提供了一种方法来检测空间不平等现象，通过可视化服务不足/过剩的区域。这种可视化可以成为支持重新平衡不平衡的工具。此外，该研究为“10分钟城市”概念提供了一个实用的方法，因为它可以根据不同的空间尺度调整不同的等时线。总的来说，这种方法既可以用于分析现有环境，又可以用于建模支持可持续性政策的方法，例如城市密集化和促进环保交通。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221103259
托多尔·克萨尔沃斯基，挪威斯塔万格市斯塔万格大学
5
Monitoring the well-being of vulnerable transit riders using machine learning based sentiment analysis and social media: Lessons from COVID-19
Using open-source data, we show that despite significant reductions in global public transit during the COVID-19 pandemic, ∼20% of ridership continues during social distancing measures. Current urban transport data collection methods do not account for the distinct behavioural and psychological experiences of the population. Therefore, little is known about the travel experience of vulnerable citizens that continue to rely on public transit and their concerns over risk, safety and other stressors that could negatively affect their health and well-being. We develop a machine learning approach to augment conventional transport data collection methods by curating a population segmented Twitter dataset representing the travel experiences of ∼120,000 transit riders before and during the pandemic in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Results show a heightened increase in negative sentiments, differentiated by age, gender and ethnicity associated with public transit indicating signs of psychological stress among travellers during the first and second waves of COVID-19. Our results provide empirical evidence of existing inequalities and additional risks faced by citizens using public transit during the pandemic, and can help raise awareness of the differential risks faced by travellers. Our data collection methods can help inform more targeted social-distancing measures, public health announcements, and transit monitoring services during times of transport disruptions and closures.
我们使用开源数据表明，尽管在COVID-19大流行期间全球公共交通大幅减少，但在保持社交距离措施期间仍有约20%的乘客。目前城市交通数据收集方法没有考虑到人口的不同行为和心理体验。因此，对于继续依赖公共交通的弱势公民的旅行体验以及他们对风险、安全和其他可能对其健康和福祉产生负面影响的压力源的担忧，我们知之甚少。我们开发了一种机器学习方法，以增强传统交通数据收集方法，通过整理代表温哥华地铁大流行病前和期间约12万名乘客旅行体验的Twitter数据集，该数据集被划分为不同的人群段。结果表明，随着COVID-19第一波和第二波疫情的到来，乘客对公共交通的负面情绪有所增加，不同年龄、性别和族裔之间存在心理压力迹象。我们的结果提供了使用公共交通在疫情期间面临的不平等和额外风险的实证证据，可以帮助提高对旅行者面临的不同风险的意识。我们的数据收集方法可以帮助在交通中断和关闭期间提供更有针对性的社交距离措施、公共卫生公告和公共交通监测服务。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221104489
马蒂诺·特兰（Martino Tran），加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华UBC社区与区域规划学院，应用科学系
6
Re-examining Jane Jacobs’ doctrine using new urban data in Hong Kong
Jane Jacobs (1961) theorized that four urban form conditions, namely, mixed use, short block, aged buildings and density, are indispensable for the ‘exuberant diversity’ and conducive to, or perhaps even determinant of, the success of a city district. Jacobs’ theory has been used widely as a reference point in case study research and policy and design prescriptions. We found five studies that attempted to test it more formally, using various performance indicators such as mobile phone activities, walking, crime and mortality. Their findings were inconsistent and unable to settle theoretical controversies. Questions remained as what performance indicators are most strongly associated with her urban form conditions? Are these conditions independently associated with desired outcomes or in combination and what are the interaction effects? Our study aimed to test Jacobs’ theory that urban form conditions contribute to the vitality and success of city districts. Jacobs’ urban form conditions were measured using GIS data for each of Hong Kong’s Tertiary Planning Unit. Performance outcomes were gauged using a combination of ‘new urban data’, comprising Twitter activities, sentiment tones and Point-Of-Interest (POI), and‘traditional data’, comprising walking commute, employment and mortality. Urban context, income and demographic indicators were used as controls in fitting spatial regression models to predict measures of performances based on urban conditions. Results showed that Jacobs’ urban form conditions contribute positively to ‘vitality’indicators such as the density of tweets, walking trips and POI, but not with ‘failure and success’ indicators such as expressed sentiment on Twitter, employment, or mortality. Out findings suggest that her theory largely hold for Hong Kong, except that dwelling density should be substituted by building density, whilst tall buildings associated positively with desirable outcomes, contrary to Jacobs’observation in the American context. More generally, we demonstrate how new urban data can be used to evaluate classic planning theories at scale.
Jane Jacobs(1961)认为，混合用途、短街区、老建筑和密度这四种城市形态条件对于“丰富的多样性”是不可或缺的，它们有利于甚至决定一个城市区域的成功。雅各布斯的理论被广泛用作案例研究、政策和设计处方的参考点。我们发现有五项研究试图对其进行更正式的测试，使用各种表现指标，如手机活动、步行、犯罪率和死亡率。他们的发现前后矛盾，无法解决理论上的争议。问题是，哪些性能指标与她的城市形态条件最密切相关?这些条件与预期结果是独立相关还是联合相关，相互作用的影响是什么?本研究旨在验证雅各布斯关于城市形态条件对城市街区的活力和成功的影响的理论。雅各布斯的城市形态条件是利用香港小规划统计区的地理信息系统数据来测量的。绩效结果是通过“新城市数据”(包括推特活动、情绪基调和兴趣点(POI))和“传统数据”(包括步行通勤、就业和死亡率)的组合来衡量的。城市背景、收入和人口指标被用作拟合空间回归模型的控制，以预测基于城市条件的绩效指标。结果表明，雅各布斯的城市形态条件对“活力”指标(如推特密度、步行次数和POI)有积极贡献，但对“失败和成功”指标(如推特上表达的情绪、就业或死亡率)没有积极贡献。我们的研究结果表明，她的理论在很大程度上适用于香港，除了住宅密度应该被建筑密度所取代，而高层建筑与理想结果呈正相关，这与雅各布斯在美国的观察相反。更一般地说，我们展示了如何使用新的城市数据来大规模评估经典规划理论。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221106186
Jianxiang Huang，香港大学城市规划与设计系的助理教授。他通过“城市新数据”(即社交媒体、POI、行为和幸福感)的视角研究人类与建筑环境的相互作用。他还研究可持续和智能设计，包括基于人工智能的城市环境与能源建模和设计优化。他开发了一系列设计和规划软件工具，用于城市热岛缓解、建筑节能、交通噪音缓解和提高居住者的热舒适性，并应用于实际项目中。
Investigating rural public spaces with cultural significance using morphological, cognitive and behavioural data
荷兰瓦赫宁根大学公共管理与政策研究小组博士后研究员。他在代尔夫特理工大学获得联合国教科文组织遗产与价值教席博士学位。他还以居里夫人早期研究员的身份参加了欧盟HERILAND项目。Nan拥有建筑学、心理学、遗产研究、大数据分析和应用人工智能等多学科背景，对计算社会科学在城市环境中的应用有着广泛的兴趣，特别是从社交媒体上的发帖行为中反映出的感知。
在中国乡村再振兴的过程中，国家战略要求在规划决策之前确定具有文化意义的乡村公共空间。然而，被规划者和游客认定为具有重要文化意义的地方可能与当地人大多使用和重视的地方不同。即使人们越来越有兴趣将当地的观点和经验整合到规划中，研究也很少公开讨论和比较空间结构、认知和行为的充分性来支持它。本研究以安义历史村落群为例，运用三种截然不同但又相互关联的方法对乡村公共空间进行实证研究:(1)形态学:基于空间句法的空间网络中心性;(2)认知:半结构化访谈的林奇乡村形象;(3)行为:利用Wi-Fi定位跟踪的时空占用模式。通过多源数据检测出本地人和非本地人重视和使用的重要场所。此外，多元回归模型成功地描述了被调查农村公共空间不同方面之间的关系，这也有助于诊断出在规划中优先考虑的兴趣场所，显示了在实践中整合信息来源而不是单独研究它们的优势。研究结果还可以帮助农村规划如何确定哪些需要保留，哪些需要加强，以及如何开发这些空间，同时又不忽视当地的需求或失去农村的特征。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083211064290
Nan Bai，荷兰瓦赫宁根大学公共管理与政策研究小组博士后研究员。他在代尔夫特理工大学获得联合国教科文组织遗产与价值教席博士学位。他还以居里夫人早期研究员的身份参加了欧盟HERILAND项目。Nan拥有建筑学、心理学、遗产研究、大数据分析和应用人工智能等多学科背景，对计算社会科学在城市环境中的应用有着广泛的兴趣，特别是从社交媒体上的发帖行为中反映出的感知。
Examining the interplay between racial segregation patterns and access to hospital care
Access to hospitals and especially intensive care units is an important issue given the current COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the interplay between the pattern of spatial separation of racial groups and the access by those groups to hospital services as measured by the number of beds. Differences between racial groups in the Chicago Area were investigated using two models that calculated supply and cost accessibility to hospital care using Huff-style probabilities. An additional two models focused on minimizing the unevenness in congestion for ICU beds at hospitals. Results suggest that with respect to hospital beds, there was not much difference between racial groups in terms of supply accessibility, but there were greater differences in the travel cost for accessing those services. This is due to the association between the centrality dimension of residential segregation and the central location of hospitals in the Chicago Area. Results also suggest that the goal of even congestion levels results in higher travel costs with the region.
鉴于当前新冠疫情，医院尤其是重症监护病房的获取是一个重要问题。这项研究考察了种族群体空间分布模式与种族群体获取医院服务（以床位数衡量）之间的相互作用。使用两个模型对芝加哥地区种族群体之间的差异进行了研究，这两个模型分别计算了使用Huff式概率提供和成本可及性获取医院护理。另外两个模型则重点关注尽量减少医院ICU床位的不均匀拥堵程度。结果表明，就医院床位而言，在供应可及性方面种族群体之间没有太大差异，但在获取这些服务的旅行成本方面存在更大差异。这是因为住宅隔离的核心维度与芝加哥地区医院中心位置之间的关联。结果还表明，为了达到均衡的拥堵水平而导致的旅行成本更高。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221108188
戈登·克罗宁是迪金森学院空间素养中心主任，他的研究兴趣主要集中在GIS在数字人文和批判制图中的应用上。
9
Measuring urban nighttime vitality and its relationship with urban spatial structure: A data-driven approach
Nighttime vitality has garnered attention in recent years as an important indicator reflecting urban economy and quality of life. However, it is difficult to characterize this intangible issue. As a response, this study employed a data-driven approach to measure nighttime vitality and explored its relationships with urban spatial structure. Specifically, the data from Meituan.com—the largest Chinese shopping platform for local consumer products and retail services—were used to measure nighttime vitality based on a hierarchical weighting method. Multidimensional characteristics of the urban spatial structure were evaluated. Spatial regression models were conducted on the effect analysis of urban spatial structure on nighttime vitality. Relationship estimations were statistically significant with indicators, such as block functions, building density, interaction density, enclosure of locals, and the age structure of the main population. Our findings provide a more complete understanding of nighttime vitality, which is often overlooked in urban vitality studies. Insights derived from this study could help formulate spatial strategies to enhance nighttime vitality and quality of life.
近年来，夜间活力作为反映城市经济和生活质量的重要指标备受关注。然而，很难描述这个无形的问题。作为回应，本研究采用数据驱动的方法来测量夜间活力，并探讨其与城市空间结构的关系。具体来说，来自美团网(中国最大的本地消费品和零售服务购物平台)的数据被用于基于分层加权法衡量夜间活力。评价了城市空间结构的多维特征。运用空间回归模型分析城市空间结构对夜间活力的影响。与街区功能、建筑密度、相互作用密度、当地人圈闭、主要人口年龄结构等指标的关系估计均具有统计学意义。我们的研究结果对夜间活力提供了更全面的了解，这在城市活力研究中经常被忽视。从这项研究中获得的见解可以帮助制定空间策略，以增强夜间活力和生活质量。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221108191
Yu Ye，同济大学建筑与城市规划学院，同济大学密集人居环境生态与节能研究教育部重点实验室，上海
10
From urban form to information: Cellular configurations in different spatial cultures
Cities are different worldwide, but does this fact have any relation to culture? The idea that urban form embodies idiosyncrasies related to cultural identities captures the imagination of many in urban studies, but it is an assumption yet to be carefully examined. At its heart, the question of whether cities can be seen as cultural artefacts is informational: whether or not cultural traces can be encoded in the physical configuration of cities. Approaching spatial configuration as a proxy of urban culture, we investigate this possibility by focussing on buildings as the primary components shaping cities. Looking into how buildings aggregate in combinations and complexes, we explore Shannon’s information theory to introduce an entropy measure and analyse frequencies of cellular configurations of built form. We apply this method to downtown areas of 45 cities from different regions around the world. Assessing differences and similarities in cellular configurations, we identify clusters of cities potentially consistent with specific spatial cultures. Our findings suggest a classification scheme that sheds light on the ‘cultural hypothesis’: the possibility that different cultures and regions find different ways of ordering space. We conclude our analysis by arguing that the endless combinatorial possibilities of building configurations, missing from street network approaches, add complexity to cities and prompt a renewed interest in built form systems.
世界各地的城市各有不同，但这一事实是否与文化有关？城市形态体现了与文化身份有关的独特性的观点激发了许多城市研究者的想象力，但这是一个需要仔细审查的假设。核心问题是城市是否可以被视为文化制品，这是一个信息问题：文化痕迹是否可以编码在城市的物理结构中。将空间结构视为城市文化的代表，我们通过专注于建筑物作为塑造城市的主要组成部分来探讨这种可能性。我们研究建筑物的组合和复合物如何聚集，利用香农的信息理论引入熵度量，并分析建成形态的细胞配置频率。我们将这种方法应用于来自世界各地不同地区的45座城市的市中心地区。评估细胞配置的差异和相似性，我们发现了可能与特定空间文化一致的城市集群。我们的发现提出了一种分类方案，有助于揭示“文化假设”：不同的文化和地区以不同的方式安排空间的可能性。我们的分析得出结论认为，建筑配置的无穷组合可能性在街道网络方法中是缺失的，为城市增添了复杂性，并促使人们对建成形态系统重新产生兴趣。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221107382
维尼修斯·M·内特罗，葡萄牙波尔图大学/FEUP地理研究中心/波尔图城市交通与环境研究所研究员。
11
Realising the Sustainable Development Goal 11.7 in the post-pandemic era – A case study of Taiwan
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted our daily lives worldwide. For instance, pandemic-prevention policies restrict people’s mobility, which causes problems in accessing urban greenspaces. Indeed, unequal access to urban greenspace has been accentuated during the most stringent lockdowns of 2020 and 2021. Amid such challenging circumstances, there has been a growing attention placed on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11.7, which has brought opportunities for urgent action. In this paper, we applied the Gini coefficient to our analysis of unequal access to urban greenspaces across all urban planning areas in six special municipalities in Taiwan. Moreover, we also conducted comparative analyses between the Gini coefficient and other socio-economic factors. The results show that approximately 63.98% of the urban planning area suffers from unequal access to greenspaces. In addition, urban greenspace provision and household income show significant positive correlations with the Gini coefficient, which reflects Taiwan’s environmental injustice. Furthermore, these findings can help city planners and decision-makers evaluate levels of equality in each urban planning area and decide which priority areas should be improved. Finally, this study can also be used as a reference for decision-makers to realise SDG 11.7 in the post-pandemic era.
2019冠状病毒病大流行严重影响了全世界人民的日常生活。例如，流行病预防政策限制了人们的流动性，这造成了进入城市绿地的问题。事实上，在2020年和2021年最严格的封锁期间，进入城市绿地的不平等现象加剧了。在这种具有挑战性的情况下，人们越来越关注可持续发展目标11.7，这为采取紧急行动带来了机会。本文运用基尼系数分析台湾六个直辖市所有城市规划区域的城市绿地可及性不平等。此外，我们还对基尼系数与其他社会经济因素进行了比较分析。结果表明:63.98%的城市规划区存在绿地利用不均等现象;此外，城市绿地供给与家庭收入与基尼系数呈显著正相关，反映台湾环境不公。此外，这些发现可以帮助城市规划者和决策者评估每个城市规划区域的平等水平，并决定哪些优先领域应该得到改善。最后，本研究也可作为决策者在大流行后时代实现可持续发展目标11.7的参考。
12
Modelling the interdependence of spatial scales in urban systems
The multitude of interwoven spatial scales and their relevance for urban systems has been of interest to the complexity science of cities since its conception. Today, we are well aware that urban environments are being simultaneously shaped and organised through actions at all levels. However, the fundamental question of how to reveal and quantify the interdependence of processes in between various spatial and temporal scales is less often addressed. Deepening our theoretical understanding of the multiscale spatiotemporal complexity of urban systems demands a transdisciplinary framework and the deployment of novel and advanced mathematical models. This article performs a multiscale analysis of urban structures using a large dataset of rent price values in the Ruhr area, Germany. We argue that, due to their many interacting degrees of freedom, urban systems exhibit similar features as other strongly correlated systems, for example, turbulent flows, notably the occurrence of extreme small-scale fluctuations. This analogy between urban and turbulent systems, which we support by empirical evidence, allows for the modelling of spatial structures on the basis of concepts and methods from turbulence theory. We demonstrate how by identifying the main turbulence-borrowed characteristics of an arbitrary two-dimensional urban field, it can be fully reproduced with a small number of prescribed points. Our findings have theoretical implications in the way we quantify and analyse scales in urban systems, model small-scale urban structures as well as potential policy relevance on understanding the evolution and spatial organisation of cities.
城市系统的多尺度空间和时间复杂性自其诞生以来就引起了复杂性科学的研究兴趣。今天，我们清楚地认识到城市环境正在通过各级行动同时塑造和组织。然而，如何揭示和量化各种空间和时间尺度之间的过程的相互依存关系的问题并不常见。深化我们对城市系统多尺度时空复杂性的理论理解需要跨学科框架和新型先进数学模型的部署。本文使用德国鲁尔地区大量租金价格价值数据集对城市结构进行了多尺度分析。我们认为，由于存在许多相互作用自由度，城市系统表现出与其他强相关系统相似的特征，例如，湍流流中的极端小尺度波动。我们通过实证证据支持了城市和湍流系统之间的类比，这使我们能够基于湍流理论的概念和方法来建模空间结构。我们展示了如何通过识别任意二维城市领域的主要从湍流借用的特征，使用少量规定的点来完全复制它。我们的发现对于量化和分析城市系统的规模、将城市小尺度结构建模为潜在的政策相关性以及理解城市的演变和空间组织具有理论意义。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221091569
Janka Lengyel，法国里昂ENSL CNRS物理实验室；德国杜伊斯堡-埃森大学交通规划和城市规划研究所
13
Exploring temporal variability in travel patterns on public transit using big smart card data
Passengers generate travel behaviours on public transit, whose variations deserve an exploration with an aim to guide daily-updated managements. In this study, we investigate temporal variability in travel patterns for over 3.3 million passengers across 120 days who use public transit in Beijing. Temporal variability is characterized by a series of features in terms of space coverage, travel distance and travel frequency, based on which, passengers are clustered into two types, that is, commuters with daily travel routines, and non-commuters who do not. How, and to which extent, they change travel patterns over time are examined, with using approaches concerning multivariate regression and curve fitting. Results show that, (1) commuters are more likely to travel longer but cover less territory than non-commuters on weekdays, while the opposite patterns occur on weekends. The variation of day of week affects commuters less, compared to non-commuters, due to more fixed schedules, as expected; (2) travel distance and frequency are found to increase faster, more linearly, than space-coverage features, the last of which experience a progressive decreasing of marginal increases before reaching a plateau. The above findings facilitate transport practitioners to design sound management schemes for passengers in different categories.
乘客在公共交通上产生出行行为，其变化值得探索，以指导日常更新管理。在这项研究中，我们调查了在120天内使用北京公共交通的330多万乘客的出行模式的时间变化。时间变异性表现为空间覆盖、出行距离和出行频率等一系列特征，据此将乘客聚类为有日常出行习惯的通勤者和无日常出行习惯的非通勤者两类。通过使用多元回归和曲线拟合的方法，研究了它们如何以及在多大程度上随时间改变旅行模式。结果表明:(1)工作日通勤者比非通勤者出行时间更长，但覆盖范围更小，而周末则相反。与非通勤者相比，工作日的变化对通勤者的影响较小，因为正如预期的那样，通勤者的时间表更为固定;(2)与空间覆盖特征相比，旅行距离和频率的增长速度更快，线性程度更高，后者在达到平台之前经历了边际增长的逐渐减小。上述研究结果有助交通从业员为不同类别的乘客设计健全的管理方案。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221089662
Xia Zhao，北京建筑大学通用航空技术北京市重点实验室。
14
Physical geography and traffic delays: Evidence from a major coastal city
Traffic congestion is a major environmental and social problem whose causes include urban sprawl, imbalanced home-job distributions, increased car ownership, and lack of public transportation. We focus on a relatively understudied factor: the existence of geographic barriers. We study traffic times and flows in the Boston metropolitan area, a major coastal city with substantial shape non-convexities. We show that natural barriers not only cause additional delays to the trips affected directly, but also worsen downtown congestion for everyone. Additionally, commuter flows between places separated by barriers decrease, generating additional traffic elsewhere. We also find that places next to geographic obstacles suffer from higher risks of congestion, due to their lower traffic-diffusion ability. Policymakers may consider specific solutions for congestion arising from constraining physical geographies.
交通拥堵是一个主要的环境和社会问题，其成因包括城市无序扩张、不平衡的家庭工作分布、汽车保有量的增加和公共交通的不足。我们关注一个相对研究不足的因素：地理障碍的存在。我们研究波士顿大都市地区的交通时间和流量，这是一个具有大量非凸形态的主要沿海城市。我们发现自然屏障不仅对直接影响的行程造成了额外的延误，还加剧了所有地点的市中心拥堵。此外，受地理障碍分隔的地方之间的通勤流量减少，在其他地方产生了额外的交通量。我们还发现，毗邻地理障碍的地方由于其较低的交通扩散能力，拥堵风险更高。政策制定者可以考虑针对由地理限制引起的拥堵采取具体解决方案。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221108406
阿尔伯特·萨伊兹（Albert Saiz），麻省理工学院城市研究和规划系，美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市；
15
Modeling clusters from the ground up: A web data approach
This paper proposes a new methodological framework to identify economic clusters over space and time. We employ a unique open source dataset of geolocated and archived business webpages and interrogate them using Natural Language Processing to build bottom-up classifications of economic activities. We validate our method on an iconic UK tech cluster – Shoreditch, East London. We benchmark our results against existing case studies and administrative data, replicating the main features of the cluster and providing fresh insights. As well as overcoming limitations in conventional industrial classification, our method addresses some of the spatial and temporal limitations of the clustering literature.
本文提出了一种新的时空经济集群识别方法论框架。我们使用一个独特的开源地理位置和存档商业网页数据集，并利用自然语言处理技术对经济活动进行自下而上的分类。我们对英国标志性的技术集群——伦敦东部的肖迪奇进行了验证。我们根据现有案例研究和行政数据对结果进行了基准测试，复制了集群的主要特征，提供了新的见解。这种方法不仅克服了传统产业分类的局限性，还解决了聚类文献中空间和时间限制的一些问题。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221108185
克里斯托夫·斯蒂奇博士是一位经验丰富、具有强大定量和跨学科背景的数据科学家。他在大数据应用、机器学习和统计方面具有丰富的经验。他热衷于向非技术受众解释数据科学。在管理并执行数据科学项目方面，他也有着丰富的经验。
16
Tabulating Home Owners’ Loan Corporation area description sheet data
In the late 1930s, an agency of the United States government called the “Home Owners’ Loan Corporation” (HOLC) graded thousands of urban neighborhoods on the perceived risk they posed to property owners. To make these determinations, HOLC field agents collected vast amounts of socioeconomic, demographic, and housing data about these places and presented their findings in an impressive set of maps. While these “redlining” maps have received considerable academic and media attention, the neighborhood-level race, housing, and socioeconomic data used to assign risk grades—available for most cities in their “area description” sheets—remain virtually unusable. Correcting this issue, I convert eight of the most consequential variables from 129 cities into an accessible and analyzable tabular format. These include the Black population percentage, “foreign-born” population percentage and group, family income, occupation class, average building age, home repair status, and mortgage availability. This data product will allow researchers to gain a more complete picture of the HOLC’s City Survey program, and it will provide a valuable new source of historical socio-demographic data at the neighborhood level.
在30年代末，美国政府的一个机构，名为“房主贷款公司”（HOLC）对成千上万的市区社区进行了风险评级。为了做出这些判断，HOLC的实地调查员收集了大量关于这些地方的社会经济、人口统计和住房数据，并以一系列令人印象深刻的地图呈现了他们的调查结果。虽然这些“种族划线”地图已经引起了学术界和媒体的广泛关注，但用于风险评级的社区级种族、住房和社会经济数据（可在其“地区描述”表格中找到）仍然几乎无法使用。为了纠正这个问题，我将把来自129个城市中的八个最重要的变量转换成可访问和可分析的表格格式。这些包括黑人人口百分比、“外来出生”人口百分比和群体、家庭收入、职业类别、平均建筑年龄、房屋维修状况和按揭贷款可用性。这个数据产品将使研究人员能够更全面地了解HOLC的城市调查计划，并将提供有价值的新历史数据源，用于社区层面的社会-人口统计数据。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221133112
Scott Markley是美国乔治亚州亚特兰大市乔治亚大学的地理学博士候选人，他的研究主要关注城市地理学、种族资本主义、住房和地理信息科学交叉的问题。他的研究成果发表在《自然科学数据》、《国际城市与区域研究》、《城市地理学》、《城市事务期刊》和其他地方。
17
Connectivity and centrality: Geovisualization of express networks in China
Express delivery volume is an important indicator of intercity e-commerce trading activities, offering a new vision for glimpsing the intercity linkages. However, it has been a challenge to reveal the spatial distribution of intercity express flows due to the limitations on the use of express parcel data by most companies. The study maps the spatial pattern of intercity express connection intensity and identifies the urban centrality, supported by waybill data from China. Intercity express connections form a triangular corridor centred on the ‘Pearl River Delta–Yangtze River Delta–Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei’ urban agglomerations. Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Jinhua, Shanghai, Beijing, Quanzhou, Xingtai, etc., exhibit higher centrality for their strong consumption power or commodity production capacity. These cities also develop relatively strong connections with national central cities (Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan, Tianjin, etc.) and provincial capitals (Changsha, Urumqi, Hulun Buir, etc.). The cities on the western side of the Hu-line present low centrality and weak connections with the eastern cities and form sub-network with the provincial capital cities as the core.
快递量是城际电子商务交易活动的重要指标，为了解城际联系提供了新的视角。然而，由于大多数公司对快递包裹数据的使用限制，揭示城际快递流量的空间分布一直是一个挑战。在中国运单数据的支持下，研究绘制了城际快递连接强度的空间格局，并确定了城市中心性。城际快速连接形成了以“珠三角-长三角-京津冀”城市群为中心的三角形走廊。深圳、广州、金华、上海、北京、泉州、邢台等地的消费能力或商品生产能力较强，表现出较高的中心性。这些城市与国家中心城市(成都、重庆、武汉、天津等)和省会城市(长沙、乌鲁木齐、呼伦贝尔等)的联系也比较紧密。湖线西侧城市与东部城市的关联度低，关联度弱，形成以省会城市为核心的子网络。
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221136562
Guoqi Li，西南交通大学。
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