本次给大家整理的是《Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science》杂志2023年6月第50卷第5期的论文的题目和摘要，一共包括19篇SCI论文！
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An overview of urban analytical approaches to combating the Covid-19 pandemic
抗击Covid-19大流行的城市分析方法概述
【摘要】
The Covid-19 pandemic has received immeasurable research attention across various scientific fields. We would argue that viewing Covid-19 through the lens of geography and urban analytics plays an essential role in interdisciplinary endeavors to understand and fight the pandemic. First, geographic location and time are the fundamental elements in the spread of infectious diseases, and second, most of the world’s population now lives in urban environments. With geospatial technology and data science playing an ever-increasing role in the field, urban analytics is ideally situated at the hub of interdisciplinary research aiming to understand the patterns and dynamics, social impacts, problems, solutions, possible future outcomes, and other cross-disciplinary topics concerning pandemics.
【摘要翻译】
新冠肺炎大流行在各个科学领域受到了极大的研究关注。我们认为，通过地理和城市分析的视角来看待Covid-19，在跨学科努力中发挥着至关重要的作用，以理解和应对这一流行病。首先，地理位置和时间是传染病传播的基本因素，其次，世界上大多数人口现在都生活在城市环境中。随着地理空间技术和数据科学在该领域发挥越来越大的作用，城市分析理想地位于跨学科研究的中心，旨在了解与流行病有关的模式和动态、社会影响、问题、解决方案、可能的未来结果和其他跨学科主题。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231174748
【作者信息】
X. Angela Yao，美国乔治亚州雅典市乔治亚大学地理系
Spatial variations of the third and fourth COVID-19 waves in Hong Kong: A comparative study using built environment and socio-demographic characteristics
香港第三波和第四波COVID-19的空间变化:基于建筑环境和社会人口特征的比较研究
【摘要】
Since the first confirmed case was reported in January 2020, Hong Kong has experienced multiple waves of COVID-19 outbreaks. Recent literature has explored the spatial patterns of disease incidence and their relationships with the built environment and demographic characteristics. Nonetheless, few studies aim at the comparative patterns of different epidemic waves occurring in the same spatial context. This study analyses spatial patterns of the third and fourth COVID-19 epidemic waves and then evaluates the spatial relationship between case incidence and built environment and socio-demographic characteristics. By collecting local-related cases, this study incorporates a two-fold analytical strategy: (1) Using rank-size distribution and log-odd ratio to depict the spatial pattern of COVID-19 incidence rates; (2) through global and local regression models, investigating incidence’s associations with the urban built environment and socio-demographic characteristics. The results reveal that the two different epidemic waves have far distinct spatial tendencies to their infection risk factors, reflecting location-specific associations with the built environments and socio-demographics. Collectively, we discover that the third and fourth COVID-19 waves are likely associated with residential context and urban activities, respectively. Practical implications are discussed that would be of interest to policymakers and health professionals.
【摘要翻译】
自2020年1月报告首例确诊病例以来，香港经历了多波新冠肺炎疫情。最近的文献探讨了疾病发病率的空间格局及其与建筑环境和人口特征的关系。然而，很少有研究针对在同一空间背景下发生的不同流行病波的比较模式。本研究分析了第三波和第四波COVID-19流行的空间格局，并评估了病例发病率与建筑环境和社会人口特征之间的空间关系。本研究通过收集地方相关病例，采用双重分析策略:(1)利用秩-大小分布和对数奇比来描述COVID-19发病率的空间格局;(2)通过全球和局部回归模型，研究发病率与城市建成环境和社会人口特征的关系。结果表明，两种不同的流行波对其感染危险因素具有明显不同的空间趋势，反映了与建筑环境和社会人口统计学的区位特异性关联。总的来说，我们发现第三波和第四波COVID-19可能分别与住宅环境和城市活动有关。讨论了决策者和卫生专业人员感兴趣的实际影响。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221107019
【作者信息】
Xintao Liu，香港理工大学土地测量及地理资讯学系助理教授。主要研究方向为地理信息科学、交通地理、复杂网络。
Strategies and inequities in balancing recreation and COVID exposure when visiting green spaces
在访问绿色空间时平衡娱乐和接触COVID的策略和不公平性
【摘要】
Green spaces are beneficial for physical and mental health, especially during and after disasters. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, created a trade-off: parks could be therapeutic but also could expose people to infection. This paradox posed inequities as marginalized populations often have less access to parks and were hit harder by the pandemic. We combined cellphone-generated mobility data with demographic indicators, a neighborhood survey, and local infection rates to examine how residents of Boston, MA, navigated this trade-off in April–August 2020. We hypothesized that they adopted strategies for mitigating infection exposure—including fewer park visits and prioritizing parks that might have lower infection risk, including larger parks with more opportunity for social distancing and parks near home with fewer unfamiliar faces—but that marginalized populations would have less opportunity to do so. We also introduce a novel measure of exposure per visit based on the volume of other visitors, infection rates, and park size. Bostonians made fewer park visits relative to 2019 and prioritized larger parks and parks closer to home. These strategies varied by community. Experiences of the pandemic were influential, as communities that perceived greater risk or had more infections made more park visits, likely because they were a relatively safe activity. Communities with more infections tended to avoid nearby parks. Inequities were also apparent. Communities with more Black residents and infections had greater infection exposure per visit even when controlling for the types of parks visited, highlighting difficulties in escaping the challenges of the pandemic.
【摘要翻译】
绿色空间对身心健康有益，特别是在灾害期间和之后。然而，COVID-19大流行病造成了一种权衡：公园可以起到治疗作用，但也可能使人们感染病毒。这个矛盾造成了不公平，因为边缘化的人口通常更难以获得公园，并且受到疫情的影响更大。我们结合了手机生成的移动数据、人口统计指标、邻里调查和当地感染率，研究了马萨诸塞州波士顿市的居民在2020年4月至8月期间如何应对这一权衡。我们假设他们采取了减少感染暴露的策略，包括减少公园访问次数，并优先考虑可能感染风险较低的公园，包括更大的公园，有更多机会进行社交隔离和靠近家的公园，人流量少、面孔陌生的公园；但边缘化人口没有多少机会这样做。我们还引入了一个基于其他游客数量、感染率以及公园大小的每次访问暴露程度的全新衡量标准。与2019年相比，波士顿市民减少了公园访问次数，并优先考虑了更大的公园和更靠近家的公园。这些策略因社区而异。社区感知到的风险越大或感染率越高，公园访问次数就越多，可能是因为它们是一个相对安全的娱乐活动。感染率较高的社区往往避免靠近家的公园。即使在控制所访问的公园类型的情况下，感染率较高的非裔美国人社区的每次访问感染暴露程度更高，这突显了在疫情挑战面前难以摆脱困境的问题。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221114645
【作者信息】
萨琳娜·达斯是纽约州纽约市Flatiron Health公司的数据洞察工程师，她利用机器学习和数据分析推动癌症研究。在东北大学攻读数据科学学士学位期间，她在波士顿地区研究计划中担任研究助理，创建模型和分析数据以评估学校选择算法中的公平性。她的专长是将机器学习应用于解决现实问题。阿丽娜·里斯蒂博士是伦敦大学学院安全与犯罪科学系的一名讲师（助理教授），她对城市现象的时空分析感兴趣，特别关注犯罪问题。她的研究包括研究问题房产的模式、体育赛事周边犯罪的空间分布和预测，以及COVID-19对人们社交活动的影响。她获得了奥地利萨尔茨堡大学地理信息科学的博士学位，并在东北大学波士顿地区研究计划中完成了博士后工作。丹尼尔·T·奥布莱恩博士是东北大学公共政策与城市事务学院以及犯罪学与刑事司法学院的一名副教授。他的专长是利用现代数字数据集更好地了解城市进程，特别是社区的社会和行为动态。他是波士顿地区研究计划的主任，该计划在研究政策合作方面进行了大量有效模型的建设工作。他的著作《城市公域》（2018年；哈佛大学出版社）获得了美国政治学会颁发的最佳地方和城市政治书籍奖。他获得了纽约州宾厄姆顿大学进化生物学博士学位。
Impact of COVID-19 policies on pedestrian traffic and walking patterns
COVID-19政策对行人交通和步行模式的影响
【摘要】
The spread of COVID-19 pandemic provoked new policies and restrictions, which had an unprecedented impact on urban mobility and traffic on local and global scales. While changes in motorized traffic were investigated and monitored throughout the recent pandemic crisis in many cities around the world, not much was done on the changes in pedestrian street-traffic and walking patterns during this time. This study aims to identify, quantify, and analyze the changes in pedestrian traffic and walking patterns induced by COVID-19 policies. The “first wave” period of COVID-19 policies in Tel-Aviv, Israel, is used as a case study in this work. The analysis includes over 116 million pedestrian movement records documented by a network of 65 Bluetooth sensors, between 1.2.2020 and 26.7.2020, with a comparison to the equivalent time in 2019 that signifies “normal” pre-COVID-19 conditions. The results show clear correlation between the various COVID-19 policy restrictions and pedestrian count. The shifts to work-from-home and closure of businesses were highly correlated with changes in walking patterns during weekdays, while distinguishing changes in commercial and residential street segments. Nevertheless, while the restrictions dramatically influenced pedestrian movement volume and time of walking, it did not significantly change where people chose to walk, signifying the essentialness of attractive streets, parks and squares for citizens living in urban areas. This study shows how policy affects walking behavior in cities, demonstrating the potential of passive crowdsourced sensing technologies to provide urban planners and decision makers an efficient tool for monitoring and evaluating pedestrian infrastructure implementation in cities.
【摘要翻译】
COVID-19大流行的蔓延引发了新的政策和限制，对城市流动性和地方和全球范围内的交通产生了前所未有的影响。虽然世界各地的许多城市在最近的疫情危机期间调查和监测机动车辆交通的变化，但在此期间对步行街交通和步行模式的变化所做的研究却很少。本研究旨在确定、量化和分析COVID-19政策引起的步行交通和步行模式的变化。以以色列特拉维夫的“第一波”COVID-19政策为案例进行研究。分析包括由65个蓝牙传感器网络记录的超过1.16亿人的步行移动记录，时间跨度为2020年2月1日至2020年7月26日，并与2019年的相应时间进行比较，这表明了“正常”的COVID-19之前的情况。结果表明，各种COVID-19政策限制与行人数量之间存在明显的相关性。居家办公和商业关闭与工作日步行模式的变化高度相关，而商业和住宅街道段的变化则有所区分。尽管限制对步行活动量和步行时间的影响很大，但它并没有显著改变人们选择步行的地方，这表明城市居民对有吸引力的街道、公园和广场的重要性。本研究展示了政策如何影响城市的步行行为，证明了被动的人工智能技术可以提供城市规划和决策者监测和评估城市中步行基础设施实施的效率工具。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221113332
【作者信息】
阿维塔·安杰尔，以色列理工学院建筑与城镇规划学院，以色列海法阿奇图·科恩，以色列理工学院土木与环境工程学院，以色列海法
萨吉·达利奥特，以色列理工学院土木与环境工程学院，以色列海法
潘尼娜·普劳特，以色列理工学院建筑与城镇规划学院，以色列海法
COVID-19 pandemic and minority health disparities in New York City: A spatial and temporal perspective
2019冠状病毒病大流行与纽约市少数群体健康差异:时空视角
【摘要】
New York City (NYC) was the epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic for a long time, and the government introduced a city-wide lockdown policy to mitigate the spread of virus. Minority communities, however, suffered disproportionally high percentage of infection and mortality rates, a disturbing phenomenon that deserves scrutiny. Adopting a spatial and temporal perspective, this study aims to investigate health disparities in this pandemic by focusing on mobility in the city. Considering both public transit and the lockdown policy essential factors that impact infection and mortality, this study introduced a measure indicating mobility-restricted transit as the spatial factor. Additional factors include ethnic minorities based on their nativity and three categories of social vulnerability: socioeconomic status, household composition, and housing type. This study selects eight phases, each of which consists of 2 weeks to derive infection and mortality rates to investigate the impacts of those factors. As infection and mortality data are published based on ZIP code, this study further estimates the infection and mortality rates at a finer level of census tract through spatial apportionment. Results reveal the significant impact of mobility-restricted transit on both infection and mortality and show certain clusters of neighborhoods being highly impacted. In addition, this study identifies neighborhoods where native-born and foreign-born of each ethnic minority (Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians) have high risk of infection and mortality. Through a spatial and temporal perspectives, this study identifies the complexity of patterns in minority health disparities in COVID-19 pandemic, which can inform policy makers for localized support to vulnerable neighborhoods to alleviate minority health disparities.
【摘要翻译】
美国纽约长期以来一直是新冠肺炎疫情的中心，政府为遏制疫情扩散，在全市范围内实施了封锁政策。然而，少数民族社区的感染率和死亡率高得不成比例，这一令人不安的现象值得仔细审查。本研究采用时空视角，以城市流动性为重点，探讨此次大流行的健康差异。考虑到公共交通和封锁政策都是影响感染和死亡率的重要因素，本研究引入了一个以限行交通为空间因素的度量。其他因素包括基于其出生地的少数民族和三类社会脆弱性:社会经济地位、家庭组成和住房类型。本研究选择8个阶段，每个阶段2周，得出感染率和死亡率，以调查这些因素的影响。由于感染和死亡率数据是基于邮政编码发布的，本研究通过空间分配进一步估算了人口普查区更精细的感染和死亡率。结果表明，限行交通对感染和死亡率均有显著影响，并显示某些社区受到严重影响。此外，本研究还确定了各少数民族(黑人、西班牙裔和亚洲人)的本地出生和外国出生的社区感染和死亡风险较高。通过时空视角，本研究确定了COVID-19大流行中少数群体健康差异模式的复杂性，为政策制定者提供针对性支持，以缓解弱势社区的少数群体健康差异。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221126525
【作者信息】
Rui Li，纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校地理与规划副教授，也是纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校消除少数民族健康差距中心(CEMHD)的研究助理。他的主要研究方向是地理信息科学，特别关注地图表示、环境和空间行为之间的相互作用。他认为空间尺度在理解空间格局中的重要性。在与流行病有关的研究中，他利用地理空间技术调查由于空间和社会经济因素而造成的跨空间健康模式差异。
Predicting onset risk of COVID-19 symptom to support healthy travel route planning in the new normal of long-term coexistence with SARS-CoV-2
预测新冠肺炎发病风险以支持新常态下健康出行的路线规划
【摘要】
Due to the increased outdoor transmission risk of new SARS-COV-2 variants, the health of urban residents in daily travel is being threatened. In the new normal of long-term coexistence with SARS-CoV-2, how to avoid being infected by SARS-CoV-2 in daily travel has become a key issue. Hence, a spatiotemporal solution has been proposed to assist healthy travel route planning. Firstly, an enhanced urban-community-scale geographic model was proposed to predict daily COVID-19 symptom onset risk by incorporating the real-time effective reproduction numbers, and daily population variation of fully vaccinated. On-road onset risk predictions in the next following days were then extracted for searching healthy routes with the least onset risk values. The healthy route planning was further implemented in a mobile application. Hong Kong, one of the representative highly populated cities, has been chosen as an example to apply the spatiotemporal solution. The application results in the four epidemic waves of Hong Kong show that based on the high accurate prediction of COVID-19 symptom onset risk, the healthy route planning could reduce people’s exposure to the COVID-19 symptoms onset risk. To sum, the proposed solution can be applied to support the healthy travel of residents in more cities in the new normalcy.
【摘要翻译】
由于新型冠状病毒室外传播风险增加，城市居民日常出行健康受到威胁。在与SARS-CoV-2长期共存的新常态下，如何在日常出行中避免感染SARS-CoV-2已成为关键问题。因此，提出了一个时空解决方案，以协助健康的旅行路线规划。首先，提出了一种增强的城市-社区尺度地理模型，通过实时有效繁殖数和完全接种疫苗的每日人口变异来预测COVID-19每日症状发作风险。然后提取接下来几天的道路上发病风险预测，以搜索具有最小发病风险值的健康路线。在移动应用中进一步实现健康路由规划。香港作为代表性的人口密集城市之一，被选为应用时空解决方案的例子。在香港四波疫情中的应用结果表明，基于对COVID-19症状发作风险的高准确性预测，健康路线规划可以降低人们对COVID-19症状发作风险的暴露。综上所述，本文提出的解决方案可用于支持新常态下更多城市居民的健康出行。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221127703
【作者信息】
Wenzhong Shi，香港理工大学智慧城市研究中心及土地测量与地理资讯学系，香港红磡漆咸道南181号
Urban form and COVID-19 cases and deaths in Greater London: An urban morphometric approach
大伦敦的城市形态与新冠病例和死亡人数：一种城市形态测量方法
【摘要】
The COVID-19 pandemic generated a considerable debate in relation to urban density. This is an old debate, originated in mid 19th century’s England with the emergence of public health and urban planning disciplines. While popularly linked, evidence suggests that such relationship cannot be generally assumed. Furthermore, urban density has been investigated in a spatially coarse manner (predominantly at city level) and never contextualised with other descriptors of urban form. In this work, we explore COVID-19 and urban form in Greater London, relating a comprehensive set of morphometric descriptors (including built-up density) to COVID-19 deaths and cases, while controlling for socioeconomic, ethnicity, age and co-morbidity. We describe urban form at individual building level and then aggregate information for official neighbourhoods, allowing for a detailed intra-urban representation. Results show that: (i) control variables significantly explain more variance of both COVID-19 cases and deaths than the morphometric descriptors; (ii) of what the latter can explain, built-up density is indeed the most associated, though inversely. The typical London neighbourhood with high levels of COVID-19 infections and deaths resembles a suburb, featuring a low-density urban fabric dotted by larger free-standing buildings and framed by a poorly inter-connected street network.
【摘要翻译】
新冠疫情引发了一场关于城市密度的广泛讨论。这是一个起源于19世纪中叶英国，与公共卫生和城市规划学科同时出现的老生常谈。虽然两者之间存在关联，但证据表明这种关系不能一概而论。此外，城市密度的研究方式过于粗糙（主要在城市层面），从未与其他城市形态描述符相结合。在这项工作中，我们探索了伦敦大都市区的城市形态与新冠疫情的关系，将一系列形态测量指标（包括建成密度）与新冠疫情死亡和病例数据相关联，同时考虑到社会经济、种族、年龄和合并状况等因素。我们描述了单个建筑层面的城市形态，然后将信息整合到官方街区，从而形成了一个详细的城市内部表示。结果显示：（i）控制变量对新冠病例和死亡病例的解释力明显强于形态测量指标；（ii）就后者可以解释的部分而言，建成密度确实是相关性最强的，尽管是负相关的。新冠疫情高发和死亡的典型伦敦街区类似于郊区，呈现出低密度的城市肌理，点缀着较大的独立建筑，街道网络连接不畅。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221133397
【作者信息】
亚历山德罗·维纳尔迪是格拉斯哥（英国）斯特拉斯克莱德大学城市设计研究部门的研究员。他在伦敦大学学院（英国）获得了城市可持续性和复原力博士学位。他在专业和学术环境中都是城市分析领域经验丰富的研究人员。他是几本书籍和同行评审的研究文章的主要作者和合著者，这些文章发表在顶级期刊和会议上。他的研究重点是研究“好的”城市形态，通过调查城市环境的物理方面、可持续性、社会经济学以及城市居民的福祉之间的关系。卢卡·艾略特是哥本哈根信息技术大学的副教授。此前，他在巴塞罗那雅虎实验室和剑桥贝尔实验室（英国）工作了10年，担任研究科学家。他在计算社会科学领域进行研究，该领域的研究使用社会科学理论为数据科学问题提供解决方案。他还从事城市信息学领域的工作，对大规模地理数据进行定量分析，以改善城市福祉。他的工作被全球各地的数百家新闻机构发表的数百篇新闻报道所报道，包括《连线》、《华尔街日报》和BBC。
塞尔吉奥·博塔是格拉斯哥斯特拉斯克莱德大学城市设计教授、城市设计研究部门主任以及城市政策规划和技术斯特拉夫克莱德研究中心的联合主任。他曾担任ISUF 2021会议主席，也是ISUF（城市形态国际研讨会）理事会成员。他是建筑美景：生态设计与施工过程的创始人及国际学术总监。他的研究重点是总体规划适应性城市、城市形态测量和激进基于社区的设计。他在国际同行评审的期刊上发表了超过六十篇论文，并出版了两本专著。他还是AD科学欧洲前100名科学家2021。
Transit communication via Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic
在 COVID-19 大流行期间通过Twitter 进行传输通信
【摘要】
Transit providers have used social media (e.g., Twitter) as a powerful platform to shape public perception and provide essential information, especially during times of disruption and disaster. This work examines how transit agencies used Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic to communicate with riders and how the content and general activity influence rider interaction and Twitter handle popularity. We analyzed 654,345 tweets generated by the top 40 transit agencies in the US, based on Vehicles Operated in Annual Maximum Service (VOM), from January 2020 to August 2021. We developed an analysis framework, using advanced machine learning and natural language processing models, to understand how agencies’ tweeting patterns are associated with rider interaction outcomes during the pandemic. From the transit agency perspective, we find smaller agencies tend to generate a higher percentage of COVID-related tweets and some agencies are more repetitive than their peers. Six topics (i.e., face covering, essential service appreciation, free resources, social distancing, cleaning, and service updates) were identified in the COVID-related tweets. From the followers’ interaction perspective, most agencies gained followers after the start of the pandemic (i.e., March 2020). The percentage of follower gains is positively correlated with the percentage of COVID-related tweets, tweets replying to followers, and tweets using outlinks. The average like counts per COVID-related tweet is positively correlated with the percentage of COVID-related tweets and negatively correlated with the percentage of tweets discussing social distancing and agency repetitiveness. This work can inform transportation planners and transit agencies on how to use Twitter to effectively communicate with riders to improve public perception of health and safety as it relates to transit ridership during delays and long-term disruptions such as those created by the COVID-19 public health crisis.
【摘要翻译】
公共交通供应商利用社交媒体(如Twitter)作为一个强大的平台，塑造公众的看法，并提供必要的信息，尤其是在交通中断和灾难期间。这项工作研究了交通机构在COVID-19大流行期间如何使用Twitter与乘客沟通，以及内容和一般活动如何影响乘客互动和Twitter处理受欢迎程度。我们分析了2020年1月至2021年8月期间，美国前40家交通机构根据年度最大服务(VOM)运营的车辆产生的654,345条推文。我们使用先进的机器学习和自然语言处理模型开发了一个分析框架，以了解大流行期间各机构的推特模式如何与骑手互动结果相关联。从运输机构的角度来看，我们发现规模较小的机构往往会产生更高比例的与covid相关的推文，一些机构比同行更重复。在与新冠肺炎相关的推文中，确定了6个主题(即遮住脸、基本服务赞赏、免费资源、保持社交距离、清洁和服务更新)。从关注者互动的角度来看，大多数机构在大流行开始后(即2020年3月)获得关注者。关注者增加的百分比与与covid相关的推文百分比、回复关注者的推文百分比和使用外链的推文百分比呈正相关。每条与新冠肺炎相关的推文的平均点赞数与与新冠肺炎相关的推文的百分比正相关，与讨论社交距离和机构重复性的推文的百分比负相关。这项工作可以为交通规划者和交通机构提供信息，告诉他们如何利用Twitter与乘客进行有效沟通，以提高公众对健康和安全的认识，因为这与交通乘客在延误和长期中断(如COVID-19公共卫生危机造成的延误和长期中断)期间的健康和安全有关。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221135609
【作者信息】
Wenwen Zhang，博士，罗格斯大学布鲁斯坦规划与公共政策学院公共信息学助理教授。在加入罗格斯大学之前，她在弗吉尼亚理工大学担任了三年的助理教授。她的研究重点是新兴交通技术的社会和政策影响，如自动驾驶汽车、叫车服务和微移动，以及利用数据科学和可视化技术来解决关键的城市规划问题，特别是在城市能源和健康建模方面。
Deploying geospatial visualization dashboards to combat the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19
部署地理空间可视化仪表板以应对 COVID-19 的社会经济影响
【摘要】
COVID-19 dashboards with geospatial data visualization have become ubiquitous. There is a growing sense of responsibility to report public health data pushing governments and community organizations to develop and share web-based dashboards. While a substantial body of literature exists on how these GIS technologies and urban analytics approaches support COVID-19 monitoring, their level of social embeddedness, quality and accessibility of user interface, and overall decision-making capabilities has not been rigorously assessed. In this paper, we survey 68 public web-based COVID-19 dashboards using a nominal group technique to find that most dashboards report a wealth of epidemiologic data at the state and county levels. However, these dashboards have limited emphasis on providing granular data (city and neighborhood level) broken down by population sub-groups. We found severe inadequacy in reporting social, behavioral, and economic indicators that shape the trajectory of the pandemic and vice versa. Our survey reveals that most COVID-19 dashboards ignore the provision of metadata, data download options, and narratives around visualizations explaining the data’s background, source, and purpose. Based on these lessons, we illustrate an empirical experiment of building a dashboard prototype—the COVID-19 Economic Resilience Dashboard in Arizona. Our dashboard project demonstrates a model that can inform decision-making (beyond plain information sharing) while being accessible by design. To achieve this, we provide localized data, drill-down options by geography and sub-population, visualization narratives, open access to the data source, and accessible features on the interface. We exhibited the value of linking pandemic-related information with socioeconomic data. Our findings suggest a pathway forward for researchers and governments to incorporate more action-oriented data and easy-to-use interfaces as they refine existing and develop new information systems and data analytics dashboards.
【摘要翻译】
带有地理空间数据可视化的COVID-19仪表板已经变得无处不在。报告公共卫生数据并推动政府和社区组织开发和分享网络仪表板的责任感日益增强。虽然有大量文献阐述了GIS技术和城市分析方法如何支持COVID-19监测，但其社会嵌入程度、用户界面的质量和可用性以及整体决策能力的水平尚未得到严格评估。本文采用名义小组技术调查了68个公共网络COVID-19仪表板，发现大多数仪表板都在州和县一级报告了大量的流行病学数据。然而，这些仪表板对提供按人口亚组分列的详细数据（城市和邻里级别）的重视程度有限。我们发现报告塑造疫情轨迹的社会、行为和经济指标存在严重不足，反之亦然。我们的调查显示，大多数COVID-19仪表板忽略了提供元数据、数据下载选项和视觉化周围的叙述，解释数据的背景、来源和目的。基于这些经验教训，我们展示了亚利桑那州COVID-19经济韧性仪表板的实证实验。我们的仪表板项目展示了一个模型，可以在设计上提供信息之外的决策支持。为此，我们提供了本地化数据、按地理和亚人口进行深入挖掘的选项、可视化叙述、数据源的开放访问和界面上的无障碍功能。我们展示了将与疫情相关的信息与社会经济数据联系起来的价值。我们的研究结果表明，研究人员和政府在完善现有和新信息系统以及数据分析仪表板时，应采取行动导向的数据和易于使用的界面作为前进的道路。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221142863
【作者信息】
萨尔贝斯沃特·普拉哈拉德博士是亚利桑那州立大学地理科学和城市规划学院韧性知识交流项目的副总监（数据和可视化）和助理研究员。他是朱莉·安·惠尔赖特全球未来实验室的高级全球未来科学家。他领导有关智慧城市、关键城市研究和数据可视化及仪表板的研究。他从事以研究为主导的互动式城市规划和地理科学教学方法。在加入亚利桑那州立大学之前，他曾是澳大利亚悉尼大学城市规划研究中心城市分析实验室的博士后研究员和管理员。帕特丽夏·索利斯博士是亚利桑那州立大学韧性知识交流项目的执行主任和助理研究员。她是青年映射者项目的联合创始人兼主任，这是一个由48个国家208个大学校园的学生主导的联盟，他们与美国国际开发署合作，为满足人道主义和发展需求创建和使用开放式空间数据。在加入亚利桑那州立大学之前，她是德州理工大学地理技术中心的联合主任和地理学系的研究副教授。她曾担任美国地理学家协会的副秘书长和研究员。
伊丽莎白·温茨博士是亚利桑那州立大学研究生院副教务长和院长，也是地理科学和城市规划学院的教授。她是知识交流项目的主管和首席研究员，该项目旨在为亚利桑那州马里科帕县社区韧性提供知识共享和发现服务。她曾是亚利桑那州立大学ADVANCE项目的首席研究员，致力于成为高等教育的包容性和多样性领导者。她的研究重点是如何设计、实施和评估地理技术，特别关注这些技术如何用于理解城市环境。
Exploring changes in residential preference during COVID-19: Implications to contemporary urban planning
探索COVID-19期间住宅偏好变化对当代城市规划的影响
【摘要】
The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown has reshuffled our daily routines and activity spaces. The home and its immediate environment have attained a critical role in coping with the confinement both as living, working and recreational space. Drawing on a longitudinal survey from greater Oslo, we analyze shifts in residential preferences amidst COVID-19. Given the pandemic induced movement restrictions, we pay special attention to the mediating role of perceived accessibility on the link between several sociodemographic/locational/housing characteristics on preference shifts. Amidst a drop in perceived accessibility, outdoor assets like gardens or balconies, and motility by car and public transport are amongst the residential and locational amenities that have gained most in people’s considerations for a new dwelling peri-pandemically. Dwelling satisfaction and preferences with regard to neighborhood density, dwelling size, and work-proximity, have remained largely unchanged despite a clear trend towards more teleworking. Our results can be understood as a nod of approval to contemporary compact urban planning. Nonetheless challenges as to bolstering its resilience still linger and more needs to be done to mitigate the inequalities in (perceived) access to in-home, near-home, and mobility assets that we have also observed to have (re)-immerged in the wake of the pandemic.
【摘要翻译】
COVID-19疫情和随后的封锁使我们的日常生活和工作空间发生了重新排序。家庭及其周边环境在应对封锁中发挥了关键作用，成为生活、工作和娱乐空间。我们分析了在COVID-19期间发生的居住偏好的变化，从奥斯陆大区的纵向调查数据出发。考虑到疫情导致的出行限制，我们特别关注感知可达性在几个社会人口/地理位置/住房特征与偏好变化之间的中介作用。在感知可达性下降的同时，像花园或阳台这样的户外资产以及汽车和公共交通的流动性，在居民和位置设施中，对周围住宅的考虑增加最多。尽管有越来越多的人选择远程工作，但他们对邻里密度、住宅大小和工作距离的满意度和偏好基本没有变化。我们的结果表明，对现代紧凑型城市规划的认可是可以理解的。然而，增强其弹性的挑战仍然存在，需要采取更多措施来减轻在家庭、近邻和流动性资产方面的不平等问题。这些问题在疫情之后重新出现。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231164398
【作者信息】
菲兹威·沃德亚博士是挪威交通运输经济研究所的高级研究员，拥有发展经济学背景和城市与区域规划专业的博士学位。他定期在排名较高的同行评审科学期刊上发表文章，探讨城市结构和出行行为、可持续流动性、可达性、居住偏好和可持续城市规划之间的交集问题。他还就这些问题进行授课和指导。拉尔斯·博克尔博士是挪威交通运输经济研究所和奥斯陆大学的高级研究员，拥有乌特勒支大学人文地理专业的博士学位。他定期在排名较高的同行评审科学期刊上发表文章，探讨与出行、健康和可持续行为、流动性公正、可达性、智慧城市和可持续城市规划相关的主题。他还就这些问题进行授课、指导和协调研究项目。
Using call detail records to determine mobility patterns of different socio-demographic groups in the western area of Sierra Leone during early COVID-19 crisis
利用通话详细记录确定塞拉利昂西部地区在COVID-19危机早期不同社会人口群体的流动模式
【摘要】
Human mobility patterns created from mobile phone call detail records (CDRs) can provide an essential resource in data-poor environments to monitor the effects of health outbreaks. Analysis of this data can be instrumental for understanding the movement pattern of populations allowing governments to set and refine policies to respond to community health risks. Building on CDR mobility analysis techniques, this research set out to test whether combining CDR mobility indicators with socio-economic information can illustrate differences between different socio-economic groups’ exposure risks to COVID-19. The work focuses on the Western Area of Sierra Leone which houses the capital Freetown because it lacks existing mobility data and therefore can be a great example of how CDR can be transformed for this use. To determine mobility patterns, we applied the radius of gyration, regularity of movement, and motif types analytics commonly used in CDR research. We then applied a clustering algorithm to these results to understand user trends. Then we compared the results of the three methods with socio-economic status determined from census data in the same geography. The results show the daily movement of cell phone users of lower socio-economic status covered greater distances in the Western Area before and after lockdown, thereby showing a greater risk to COVID-19. The research also shows that groups of higher social status decreased mobility significantly after lockdown and did not return to pre-COVID-19 levels, unlike lower-social status groups.
【摘要翻译】
从移动电话详细记录(cdr)创建的人员流动模式可以在数据匮乏的环境中提供重要资源，以监测健康爆发的影响。对这些数据的分析有助于了解人口的流动模式，使政府能够制定和完善应对社区健康风险的政策。基于CDR流动性分析技术，本研究旨在测试将CDR流动性指标与社会经济信息相结合是否可以说明不同社会经济群体对COVID-19暴露风险的差异。这项工作的重点是塞拉利昂首都弗里敦所在的西部地区，因为该地区缺乏现有的流动数据，因此可以成为如何将CDR转化为这种用途的一个很好的例子。为了确定移动模式，我们应用了CDR研究中常用的旋转半径、运动规律和基序类型分析。然后，我们对这些结果应用聚类算法来了解用户趋势。然后，我们将三种方法的结果与同一地理区域的人口普查数据所确定的社会经济地位进行了比较。结果显示，西部地区社会经济地位较低的手机用户在封锁前后的日常移动距离更大，因此显示出更大的COVID-19风险。研究还表明，与社会地位较低的群体不同，社会地位较高的群体在封锁后流动性明显下降，没有恢复到新冠肺炎前的水平。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231158377
【作者信息】
Sarah Williams，麻省理工学院城市研究与规划系，马萨诸塞州大道77号，MA 02139, USA。Analysis of spatial form and structure of commercial pedestrian blocks based on Isovist and big data
基于 Isovist 和大数据的商业步行街空间形态结构分析
【摘要】
Commercial pedestrian blocks play an indispensable role in urban life. With the development of urban commercial intensification, the construction of commercial pedestrian blocks has ushered in a period of rapid development. To explore the spatial form and structural features of commercial pedestrian blocks, we examined the Qingniwa-Tianjin Street commercial pedestrian block in Dalian, China. We developed a new quantitative research method, using Isovist-App software simulation, big data statistics and Arc GIS analysis methods to explore the spatial morphological structure characteristics of commercial districts. The results show that Tianjin Street’s pedestrian axis has low spatial permeability and monotonous browsing routes. This suggests that the outdoor pedestrian space design does not attract crowds to wander around and stroll. The overall centrality of the space was relatively high, and the spatial accessibility was good. The walking route provided a wide field of vision, stimulating people’s desire for exploration. The space is highly guided, and people can visit according to the designed route. There is a big difference in the spatial aggregation and dispersion of POI facilities. Transportation, sports, and leisure facilities are the most evenly distributed, while shopping and life service street facilities vary considerably. During holidays, the intensity and duration of crowd activities are the largest, followed by working days and weekends. The people in the block mainly gather in the western and southern commercial complexes, and the attractiveness of outdoor pedestrian streets is lower than that of commercial complexes. Node space B has pedestrian streets with varying spatial interfaces and inconsistent visual appeal. The results can be used to support the spatial form and structural renewal design of commercial pedestrian blocks. The methods presented in this study provide a quantitative approach for the spatial analysis of other functional areas in the city.
【摘要翻译】
商业步行街在城市生活中扮演着不可或缺的角色。随着城市商业集约化的发展，商业步行街的建设迎来了快速发展期。为探索商业步行街区的空间形态和结构特征，以大连市青泥瓦-天津街商业步行街区为研究对象。我们开发了一种新的定量研究方法，利用isovis - app软件模拟、大数据统计和Arc GIS分析方法来探索商业街区的空间形态结构特征。结果表明:天津街道步行轴线空间渗透性低，浏览路线单调;这表明户外步行空间的设计不吸引人群四处闲逛。空间整体中心性较高，空间可达性较好。步行路线提供了广阔的视野，激发了人们的探索欲望。空间具有很强的导向性，人们可以按照设计的路线参观。POI设施的空间聚集与分散存在较大差异。交通、体育、休闲设施分布最为均匀，而购物、生活服务街道设施差异较大。节假日期间人群活动的强度和持续时间最大，其次是工作日和周末。街区内人群主要聚集在西部和南部的商业综合体，室外步行街的吸引力低于商业综合体。节点空间B的步行街具有不同的空间界面和不一致的视觉吸引力。研究结果可为商业步行街的空间形态和结构更新设计提供支持。本研究提出的方法为城市其他功能区的空间分析提供了定量的方法。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221138571
【作者信息】
Wei Lu，大连理工大学建筑与艺术学院教授，辽宁大连;研究方向:环境行为理论与方法、城市更新与设计方法、历史街区保护规划与实践。
The cityseer Python package for pedestrian-scale network-based urban analysis
城市观察者Python软件包用于基于行人尺度网络的城市分析
【摘要】
cityseer-api is a Python package consisting of computational tools for fine-grained street-network and land-use analysis, helpful in assessing the morphological precursors to vibrant neighbourhoods. It is underpinned by network-based methods developed specifically for urban analysis at the pedestrian scale. cityseer-api computes a variety of node and segment-based network centrality methods, land-use accessibility and mixed-use measures, and statistical aggregations. Accessibilities and aggregations are computed dynamically over the street-network while taking walking distance thresholds and the direction of approach into account, and can optionally incorporate spatial impedances and network decomposition to increase spatial precision. The use of Python facilitates compatibility with popular computational tools for network manipulation (NetworkX), geospatial topology (shapely), geospatial data state management (GeoPandas), and the NumPy stack of scientific packages. The provision of robust network cleaning tools aids the use of OpenStreetMap data for network analysis. Underlying loop-intensive algorithms are implemented in Numba JIT compiled code so that the methods scale efficiently to larger cities and regions. Online documentation is available from cityseer.benchmarkurbanism.com, and the Github repository is available at github.com/benchmark-urbanism/cityseer. Example notebooks are available at cityseer.benchmarkurbanism.com/examples/.
【摘要翻译】
cityseer-api是一个Python包，包含用于精细街道网络和土地利用分析的计算工具，有助于评估活力街区的形态前兆。它基于专门为行人尺度城市分析开发的网络方法。cityseer-api计算各种节点和分段网络中心性方法、土地利用可达性和混合用途措施以及统计汇总。可达性和汇总是在考虑步行距离阈值和接近方向的情况下动态计算街道网络上的，并可选择性地纳入空间障碍和网络分解以提高空间精度。Python的使用促进了与流行的网络操作计算工具（NetworkX）、地理空间拓扑（shapely）、地理空间数据状态管理（GeoPandas）和NumPy堆栈科学包的兼容性。提供了可靠的网络安全工具，有助于使用OpenStreetMap数据进行网络分析。底层循环密集型算法实现为Numba即时编译代码，以便方法能够高效扩展到更大城市和地区。在线文档可以从cityseer.benchmarkurbanism.com获取，Github存储库可以在github.com/benchmark-urbanism/cityseer上找到。示例笔记本可以在cityseer.benchmarkurbanism.com/examples/找到。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221133827
【作者信息】
加雷思·西蒙斯是一名城市规划师、城市数据科学家和地理空间软件开发人员。他的兴趣集中在开发用于城市形态分析的计算技术上。目前，他为伦敦大学学院能源研究所的建筑存量实验室工作，该实验室致力于开发全国范围内的建筑存量模型，用于能源分析。
Exploring the role of accessibility in shaping retail location using space syntax measures: A panel-data analysis in Lisbon, 1995–2010
利用空间句法指标探索可达性在塑造零售地点中的作用：1995-2010年里斯本面板数据分析
【摘要】
Although location theory is now almost two centuries old, the firms' location choice processes areyet to be fully understood. And while accessibility, in some form, has long been used as an explanatory factor, spatial configuration measures (space syntax) have hardly been used in location models, and longitudinal analyses have also been infrequent. Therefore, a panel multinomial logit model is implemented in Lisbon to explore the role of this specific type of accessibility measures in shaping firm location, throughout a 15-year period, using data from 1995, 2002 and 2010. The analysis is focused on retail activity (five retail categories), restaurants and cafes. The results show that firm location can persistently be related to Local integration and Choice, although the magnitude of the relationship changes depending on the commercial category. These results reinforce the general idea that good urban design can potentially counteract information costs and help commerce locate in new areas of the city while allowing it to continue to succeed in the city’s older, more central areas.
【摘要翻译】
尽管区位理论已经存在近两个世纪，但企业选址过程仍未得到充分理解。虽然可达性长期以来一直被用作解释因素，但空间配置度量（空间语法）在选址模型中几乎没有使用过，纵向分析也很少见。因此，在里斯本实施面板多类别多项式逻辑回归模型，以探索这种特定类型的可达性措施在塑造企业选址方面的作用，这一过程持续了15年的时间，数据来自1995年、2002年和2010年。分析的重点是零售活动（五个零售类别）、餐馆和咖啡馆。结果表明，企业选址可能与当地融合和选择之间存在持久关系，尽管这种关系的大小因商业类别而异。这些结果加强了这样一个普遍观点，即良好的城市设计可以潜在地抵消信息成本，帮助商业企业在城市的较老和更中心地区之外的地区定位，同时允许它继续在该城市的老旧地区取得成功。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221138570
【作者信息】
吕萨洛夫是葡萄牙里斯本科技大学（IST）的博士研究生，专业为地域工程。他的研究主要集中在零售地点选择、电子购物和城市规划领域。在过去的15年中，他在私营和公共部门担任土木工程师和城市规划师，并在里斯本科技大学获得了地域工程的专业背景。自2022年秋季以来，他还是富布赖特学者（UCSB）。德阿布雷乌·德席尔瓦是葡萄牙里斯本科技大学（IST）的副教授，也是CEris的研究员。他的主要研究兴趣集中在出行行为及其与土地利用模式之间的相互作用，以及交通在城市化模式中的作用。他是交通研究学会两个常设委员会的成员，也是国际交通调查会议（ISCTSC）和世界交通与土地利用研究学会（WSTLUR）的国际指导委员会主席。
Coupled use of isovists and wavelets for street intersection pattern determination
街路口布局模式确定中的共轭复平面与小波的联合应用
【摘要】
The city is a complex “object” whose structure can be studied at several levels of scale. In this article, we propose to work on the scale of the street, the one in which the pedestrian is immersed, and more precisely on the scale of its articulations, the street intersections. These are indeed structuring places, variously walkable, potentially difficult to cross, which a methodical description can facilitate the use. To this end, we operate, in each intersection, a matching between the shape of the open space as captured by the pedestrian in immersion (this visual pattern is more commonly called the isovist) and a corpus of geospatial patterns. This matching exploits a wavelet compression technique from signal processing which also has the advantage of evaluating the orientation of the pattern. The different urban fabrics presented during the comparative analysis highlight the versatility of the method but also its scalability.
【摘要翻译】
城市是一个复杂的“物体”，其结构可以在几个尺度层面上进行研究。在本文中，我们提出在街道尺度上进行工作，行人沉浸其中的街道，更具体地说，是在其关节尺度上，也就是街道交叉口。这些确实是结构性的场所，各种可步行，潜在上可能难以穿越，但有条理的描述可以促进使用。为此目的，我们在每个交叉口操作，将行人沉浸时捕捉到的开放空间的形状（这种视觉模式更通常被称为等体积）与地理空间模式的语料库进行匹配。这种匹配利用来自信号处理的波形压缩技术来评估模式的方向。比较分析中呈现的不同城市织物突出了该方法的通用性，但也强调了其可扩展性。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221138833
【作者信息】
Thomas Leduc是南特大学（南特建筑学院）CNRS研究员。他是一位应用数学家，毕业于巴黎皮埃尔和玛丽·居里大学（现更名为索邦大学），并获得计算机科学博士学位。他的研究致力于理解城市形态和空间动态，特别关注行人通过视线所感知或经历的形式。这种理解涵盖了各种形式分析的尺度，包括景观、生物气候、布局或城市结构各组成部分之间的相互关系。
Challenges of consultant-led planning in India’s smart cities mission
咨询师主导的印度智慧城市使命规划面临的挑战
【摘要】
The growing involvement of private-sector consultants in urban planning has been critiqued as a potential problem, mainly due to doubts over their ethical position. India’s Smart Cities Mission which aims to equip 100 cities with smart technologies, relies on private consultants both to plan the interventions and to implement them. With the planning phase now complete, and implementation in its early stages, this study examines the proposals generated by the consultants. The study deploys natural language processing computational techniques to compare a large corpus of text extracted from the proposal documents to a framework of common planning terms. The analysis yields insights regarding the consultants’ “styles,” and the evolution of the proposals over four rounds of selection. Findings suggest that some consultants show better results than others, but as many as a third of the reports prepared for the mission have low scores on the study’s metrics. In addition, a close reading of the program design helps understand the institutional context within which consultants are embedded. The paper concludes with recommendations for closer scrutiny of the consultants’ work within the mission.
【摘要翻译】
越来越多的私营部门顾问参与城市规划受到批评，被视为一个潜在问题，主要是因为人们对他们的道德立场表示怀疑。印度智能城市特派团的目标是使用智能技术装备100个城市，它依赖于私营顾问来规划和实施干预措施。随着规划阶段已经完成，而实施阶段尚处于初期，这项研究审查了顾问提出的建议。该研究使用自然语言处理计算技术来比较从建议书中抽取的大量文本与通用规划术语框架。分析提供了有关顾问“风格”的洞察，以及四轮选择过程中建议书的变化。结果表明，有些顾问比其他顾问表现得更好，但为该特派团编写的报告中多达三分之一的得分较低。此外，仔细阅读方案设计有助于了解咨询员所处的制度背景。最后，该文件建议在特派团内部更密切地审查咨询员的工作。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221137078
【作者信息】
苏拉吉特·查克拉瓦蒂是德里印度理工学院公共政策学院的教员，他在南加利福尼亚大学索尔兹伯里学院获得博士学位。他的研究主要集中在城市规划方面，特别是住房、公共空间、公共交通和技术应用等方面。他还致力于研究权宜之计、非正规性和公民参与等问题，并对基于全球南部的经验的理论发展感兴趣。穆罕默德·谢里克·宾·曼苏尔在印度理工学院坎普尔分校机械工程专业完成了硕士和本科课程，随后在印度管理学院加尔各答分校完成了MBA课程。他曾在汽车和能源领域从事过各种工作，目前正在埃森哲公司担任战略咨询顾问。他对数字转型、云计算和智能应用领域感兴趣。
比比亚克·库马尔毕业于印度理工学院坎普尔分校电气工程专业，随后在加尔各答印度管理学院完成了MBA课程。他主要在金融服务行业工作，从事资产管理。他对定量分析的应用感兴趣，特别是金融建模。他还对发展中国家不同技术驱动的政策举措的有效性分析感兴趣。
普里雅·塞塔拉曼是加尔各答印度管理学院的教员。她主要研究领域包括信息技术采纳、组织和社会中的应用以及对组织和社会的影响；信息技术治理和战略；数字化转型和电子政务。她的研究发表在《管理信息系统的期刊》、《信息与管理》、《技术预测与社会变革》、《国际信息管理》、《人机行为》等学术期刊以及《IT职业》等从业者期刊和各种信息系统会议论文集中。
An open-source program for spatial decomposition of bus transit networks
【摘要】
Comparing transit operations and performance over time is often challenging due to changes in route identifiers and service patterns. It is particularly difficult if the analysis period spans a major network design change where bus routes are realigned and renamed. This paper presents a new open-source software package that simplifies longitudinal transit performance analysis by decomposing a bus network into block-length segments that remain stable over time. The package then matches transit networks across time periods using segment geometry rather than potentially unstable route or stop identifiers. This package provides an efficient method for transit planners, advocacy groups, policy makers and urban scientists to analyze changes in transit performance over time without any prior knowledge of network design changes.
【摘要翻译】
由于线路标识和服务模式的变化，对一段时间内的公交运营情况和绩效进行比较通常具有挑战性。特别是在分析期间跨越一次主要网络设计变更的情况下，公交线路进行了重新定位和重命名，因此分析变得更加困难。本文介绍了一个新的开源软件包，该软件包将公交网络分解为随时间保持稳定的块长度的段，从而简化了公交绩效长期分析。该软件包然后使用段几何匹配不同时间段的公交网络，而不是使用可能不稳定的线路或停靠标识符。该软件包为公交规划人员、倡导团体、政策制定者和城市科学家提供了一种有效的方法，可以在不事先了解网络设计变更的情况下，分析一段时间内公交绩效的变化。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231174892
【作者信息】
Nick Caros是麻省理工学院运输学系的一名博士研究生，他的研究重点是将优化方法与出行行为相结合，为远程工作带来的干扰制定公共交通和土地利用政策。
Anson F. Stewart是麻省理工学院JTL城市交通/公共交通实验室的副主任和麻省理工学院的科研人员，与多家公共交通部门合作开展研究。在Conveyal LLC担任项目分析和研究负责人期间，他与交通专业人士密切合作，实施以机会为中心的创新方法。
John Attanucci是麻省理工学院公共交通研究项目的讲师、研究助理和管理人员。在麻省理工学院，他专门研究公共交通管理、票价政策、信息技术、短期规划和运营，并管理华盛顿特区、芝加哥和波士顿多家大型公共交通和私营机构赞助的几项研究生研究项目。
The breaking points of human development-the separating role of national borders
人类发展的突破点——国界的分离作用
【摘要】
The human development index (HDI) has been used for a long time for the complex comparison of individual countries (UNDP 2023). According to Waldo Tobler's “First Law of Geography,” the data of each country should theoretically be similar to the values of neighboring countries. At least if land borders are taken into account, since the role of maritime borders is difficult to interpret in terms of similarity between countries. In the following figure, I examine the differences in the human development index of each country, which I consider to be the breaking points of development. In the case of countries that have a land border between them, I look at the difference in the index and plot the border in terms of the difference. Of course, the difference is not only important in terms of size, but also in the extent to which countries with populations can be observed. Therefore, I modified the area of the countries in proportion to their 2023 population. The source of the data is worldometers.info, while the map work was created using the ScapeToad software.
【摘要翻译】
人类发展指数（HDI）长期以来一直用于对单个国家进行复杂比较（UNDP，2023年）。根据沃尔多·托布勒的“地理第一定律”，每个国家的数据理论上应该与邻国相似，至少考虑到陆地边界，因为海洋边界在国家之间的相似性方面很难解释。在下图中，我分析了每个国家的人类发展指数差异，我认为这是发展的分水岭。对于那些拥有陆地边界的国家，我考虑了指数的差异，并根据差异绘制了边界。当然，差异不仅在大小上重要，而且人口众多的国家观察到的程度也很重要。因此，我根据2023年人口的比例修改了国家的面积。数据来源是世界计时器。我的地图工作使用ScapeToad软件完成。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231173695
【作者信息】
米什科尔茨大学（Miskolc University）正教授，匈牙利中央统计局《区域统计》主编格扎·托什（Géza Tóth）。
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