Reinsurance - M97（Dip级30学分，选修）-《再保险》
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（前述章节【Dip系列课程】M97-第八章-再保险相关的法律问题A1B下-A1E）
A2 Formation of the reinsurance contract（再保险合同的成立）
For the formation of a valid reinsurance contract, the general rules of contract law require, among others, the following elements:
• offer and acceptance;
• consideration;
• legality; and
• legally binding contracts.
合同法一般规则规定，有效的再保险合同的成立应具备以下要素：
• 报价和接受；
• 对价（约因）;
• 合法性；和
• 具有法律约束力的合同。
The following table shows how the components of reinsurance contracts work in practice.
• Offer and acceptance: -Offer: The reinsurer provides quoted terms and conditions. Quotes for excess of loss programmes are quoted for each layer with the limits and retention specified for each. References are made to all the main exclusions and clauses. Quotes or terms offered for proportional treaties include commission and profit commissions, treaty limits and retentions, main exclusions and clauses. Ideally, offers should be supported by the full draft treaty contract wording. -Acceptance: The reinsured agrees to the quoted terms, accepts the coverage and conditions, and agrees to pay the premium.
• Consideration: -For excess of loss programmes, the consideration is the agreed deposit premium and adjustable rate on premium income. -For proportional treaties, the consideration is the reinsurers’ proportionate share of the premiums payable in the quarterly or half-yearly accounts.
• Legality: The reinsurance agreement must not contravene the provisions of any applicable insurance Acts or local statutes.
• Legally binding contracts
下表显示了再保险合同的组成部分在实践中如何运作。
• 要约和接受： - 要约：再保险公司提供报价条款和条件。超额损失计划的报价针对每一层进行报价，并为每一层指定限制和保留。参考了所有主要排除条款和条款。比例条约提供的报价或条款包括佣金和利润佣金、条约限制和保留、主要排除和条款。理想情况下，报价应得到完整的条约合同措辞草案的支持。- 接受：分保人同意所引用的条款，接受承保范围和条件，并同意支付保费。
• 对价： - 对于超额损失计划，对价是约定的保费定金和保费收入的可调利率。- 对于比例条约，对价是再保险公司按季度或半年度账目中应付保费的比例份额。
• 合法性：再保险协议不得违反任何适用的保险法或当地法规的规定。
• 具有法律约束力的合同
Full documentation is issued for reinsurers to sign. Once signed, reinsurers are legally bound by the contract. Proportional treaties are usually signed by both parties.
发布完整文件供再保险人签署。一旦签署，再保险人就受合同的法律约束。比例条约通常由双方签署。
In this section, we look at a number of issues raised by the first three elements.
在本节中，我们将讨论前三个要素提出的一些问题。
A2A Offer and acceptance（要约及接受）
For the formation of a valid reinsurance contract, there must be an offer and acceptance of that offer.
为了形成有效的再保险合同，必须有要约和对该要约的接受。
Offer（要约）
The offer in reinsurance is invariably made in writing. In the London Market, a Market Reform Contract (MRC) is generally used. This can be done direct or via a broker.
再保险的要约总是以书面形式提出。在伦敦市场，普遍使用市场改革合约（MRC）。这可以直接完成或通过经纪人完成。
The offer having been made is open for acceptance by the reinsurer. Alternatively and more usually, the reinsurer suggests amendment(s) to those terms and, in doing so, makes a counter-offer. In this case, the original offer is implicitly rejected, and lapses; the original offeree becoming the counter-offeror. The law requires an unreserved assent by the offeree to the exact terms proposed by the offeror.
所提出的要约可供再保险人接受。或者，更常见的是，再保险人建议对这些条款进行修改，并在此过程中提出反要约。在这种情况下，原始要约被隐式拒绝并失效；原受要约人成为新要约人。法律要求（如果打算接受）受要约人要无保留地全部同意要约人提出的确切条款。
Acceptance（接受）
Eventually, once the bargaining process has been successfully concluded and the slip has been amended to express the various terms, conditions, limitations and exclusions of the parties’ bargain, a reinsurer will stamp, initial and date the amended slip. At that moment, subject to any outstanding conditions or other evidence to the contrary, the reinsurer’s subscription to the slip is the acceptance of the offer and a binding contract comes into effect (Fennia Patria (1983)).
最终，一旦谈判过程成功结束，并且对单据进行修改以表达双方谈判的各种条款、条件、限制和排除，再保险人将在修改后的单据上盖章、签名并注明日期。此时，除任何未决条件或其他相反证据外，再保险人对保单的认购即表示接受要约，具有约束力的合同生效（Fennia Patria (1983)）。
The Zephyr (1984) case illustrates the problems that have arisen in this area. The Court of Appeal considered, in some depth, the practices of ‘signing down’ and giving ‘signing indications’.
Zephyr（1984）的案例说明了这一领域出现的问题。上诉法院深入考虑了“签字”和“签字指示”的做法。
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