Reinsurance - M97（Dip级30学分，选修）-《再保险》
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（前述章节【Dip系列课程】M97-第八章-再保险相关的法律问题B1下-B2）
C Express terms（明示条款）
In this section, we look at express terms, in particular, how incorporation, aggregation and loss settlement clauses have each given rise to legal issues in reinsurance contracts.
在本节中，我们将学习明示条款，特别是合并、汇总和损失结算条款如何各自引起再保险合同中的法律问题。
C1 Hierarchy of terms（系列条款）
There is a hierarchy of express terms in insurance and reinsurance contracts, each with different remedies on breach.
保险和再保险合同中存在一系列明示条款，每项条款都有不同的违约补救措施。
C1A Warranty（保证）
A warranty is a contractual promise made by a reinsured as to past or existing facts (or ‘state of affairs’), or to its own future conduct. Under the Insurance Act 2015, a breach of warranty causes the reinsurance cover to be suspended until the breach is remedied (if it can be). The former rule that the reinsurer is automatically and permanently discharged from liability under the contract from the date of breach has been repealed.
保证是再保险人对过去或现有事实（或“事态”）或其自身未来行为做出的合同承诺。根据《2015 年保险法》，违反保证将导致再保险承保暂停，直至违约行为得到纠正（如果可以）。先前规定，再保险公司自违约之日起自动永久解除合同规定的责任，现已废除。
Section 10(2) of the Insurance Act 2015 states: An insurer has no liability under a contract of insurance in respect of any loss occurring, or attributable to something happening, after a warranty (express or implied) in the contract has been breached but before the breach has been remedied.
2015 年《保险法》第 10(2) 条规定：根据保险合同，在违反合同中的保证（明示或默示）后发生的或由于生的事情（指违反保证）而发生的任何损失，保险公司不承担任何责任，但在违规行为得到纠正之前（即，纠正之后保障恢复）。
The Act identifies two types of warranties:
• Time warranty: A time warranty is one that requires that by a particular ascertainable time, something is or is not to be done, or a condition is to be fulfilled, or something is or is not to be the case. The breach of such a warranty is remedied if the risk to which the warranty relates later becomes essentially the same as that originally contemplated by the parties. For example, if there is a breach of a warranty in a facultative reinsurance contract to have a new fire detection system installed by inception, this will be remedied on the date on which it is installed. This is because on that date the fire risk will essentially be as originally contemplated by the parties.
• Any other case: The breach of any other warranties are remedied ‘if the insured ceases to be in breach of warranty’.
该法案确定了两种类型的保证：
• 时间保证：时间保证是指在特定的可确定时间之前，某件事将被完成或不将完成，或者某个条件将被满足，或者某件事将成为或不会发生。如果该保证所涉及的风险后来变得与双方最初预期的风险基本相同，则违反该保证的行为将得到补救。例如，如果临时再保险合同中违反了在开始时安装新的火灾探测系统的保证，则将在安装之日进行补救。这是因为在那一天，火灾风险基本上将如双方最初预期的那样。
• 任何其他情况：“如果被保险人不再违反保证”，则违反任何其他保证的行为将得到补救。
The use of the word ‘warranty’ has been said to be indicative, but by no means decisive. Examples of warranties in common use in reinsurance contracts include retention and premium payment warranties. However, unless amended to exclude the Act or address its impact, pure premium payment warranties may now only serve to exclude losses occurring before payment is made rather than all losses.
“保证”一词的使用据说是指示性的，但绝不是决定性的。再保险合同中常用的保证示例包括自留额保证和保费支付保证。然而，除非进行修改以排除该法案或解决其影响，否则纯粹的保费支付保证现在可能只能排除付款前发生的损失，而不是所有损失。
C1B Condition precedent（先决条件）
A condition precedent is a contractual promise that must be performed to bring a valid contract into force or, once in force, to make the reinsurer liable under that contract. Examples of the latter type of condition precedent include claims notification, cooperation and control clauses. In this context, on breach, the reinsurer is discharged from liability to pay a particular claim. The breach has no impact on future claims under the contract.
先决条件是一项合同承诺，必须履行该承诺才能使有效合同生效，或者一旦生效，再保险公司就该合同承担责任。后一类先决条件的例子包括索赔通知、合作和控制条款。在这种情况下，一旦违约，再保险公司就不再承担支付特定索赔的责任。该违约行为对未来根据合同提出的索赔没有影响。
Additionally, until Charter Re v. Fagan (1996), it had been thought that ultimate net loss (UNL) clauses, which referred to ‘the sum actually paid by the reinsured in settlement of losses or liability’, imported a condition precedent into the reinsured’s right of recovery from the reinsurer. This condition precedent was that it must have made payment of the inwards claim to its original insured, i.e. to have actually transferred the funds. Here, the House of Lords decided that the clause and policy worked perfectly well when understood as requiring the satisfaction of only two pre-conditions:
• an insured event had occurred within the policy period; and
• the event had created a loss of sufficient amount to impact the particular layer/contract in question.
此外，在 Charter Re 诉 Fagan (1996) 案之前，人们一直认为最终净损失 (UNL) 条款（指的是“再保险人在解决损失或责任时实际支付的金额”）将先决条件引入了分保人向再保险人追偿的权利。该先决条件是其必须已向其原始被保险人支付了向内索赔，即已实际转移资金。在这里，上议院认为，当该条款和保单被理解为只需要满足两个先决条件时，效果非常好：
• 在保单期限内发生了保险事件；和
• 该事件造成的损失足以影响相关的特定层/合同。
The purpose of the words ‘actually paid’ was to emphasise that the ultimate outcome of the net loss calculation was the final liability of the reinsurers under the policy, and not to impose a condition precedent.
“实际支付”一词的目的是强调净损失计算的最终结果是再保险公司在保单项下的最终责任，而不是强加先决条件。
C1C Condition（条件）
A condition is a contractual promise under which the reinsured promises to perform some action. Importantly, a reinsured’s right of recovery does not depend on the act being completed. A reinsurer is entitled to claim damages for loss caused by the breach. For example, a failure to notify a claim in breach of an ordinary notification clause would entitle a reinsurer to claim damages. In practice, the extent of those damages depends on the reinsurer being able to show significant prejudice because of the non-compliance.
条件是再保险人承诺采取某些行动的合同承诺。重要的是，再保险人的追偿权并不取决于行为的完成。再保险公司有权就违约行为造成的损失要求损害赔偿。例如，未能通知索赔而违反普通通知条款将使再保险公司有权要求赔偿。在实践中，这些损害的程度取决于再保险公司是否能够因不合规而表现出重大损害。
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