Reinsurance - M97（Dip级30学分，选修）-《再保险》
往期精选：
（前述章节【Dip系列课程】M97-第七章-合同措辞D12-E）
E1 Nuclear exclusion clauses（核排除条款）
The nuclear exclusion clauses exclude liability for nuclear risks. Such risks are not considered insurable by conventional means, and are typically the subject of pooling arrangements. However, nuclear risks have the potential for catastrophic loss, so they remain of concern to reinsurers following the break-up of the Soviet Union, general nuclear proliferation and, more recently, the possibilities for nuclear terrorism.
核排除条款排除了核风险的责任。这类风险无法通过常规手段进行保险，通常采用集合安排。然而，核风险有可能造成灾难性损失，因此在苏联解体、普遍核扩散以及最近核恐怖主义的可能性之后，再保险公司仍然对核风险感到担忧。
Non-marine reinsurance（非海上再保险）
Here, it is usual to include the following suite of clauses (as appropriate):
• Nuclear Incident Exclusion Clause – Physical Damage – Reinsurance – USA (NMA 1119);
• Nuclear Incident Exclusion Clause – Physical Damage and Liability (Boiler and Machinery Policies) – Reinsurance – USA (NMA 1166);
• Nuclear Incident Exclusion Clause – Physical Damage – Reinsurance – Canada (NMA 1980a);
• Nuclear Incident Exclusion Clause – Physical Damage and Liability (Boiler and Machinery Policies) – Reinsurance – Canada (NMA 1251);
• Nuclear Incident Exclusion Clause – Liability – Reinsurance – USA (NMA 1590);
• Nuclear Incident Exclusion Clause – Liability – Reinsurance – Canada (NMA 1979a);
• Nuclear Energy Risks Exclusion Clause (Reinsurance) (1994) (Worldwide excluding USA and Canada) (NMA 1975a).
在这里，通常包括以下一组条款（视情况而定）：
• 核事故除外条款 – 物理损害 – 再保险 – 美国 (NMA 1119)；
• 核事故除外条款 – 物理损害和责任（锅炉和机械保单） – 再保险 – 美国 (NMA 1166)；
• 核事故除外条款——物理损害——再保险——加拿大（NMA 1980a）；
• 核事故除外条款 – 物理损害和责任（锅炉和机械保单） – 再保险 – 加拿大 (NMA 1251)；
• 核事故除外条款——责任——再保险——美国（NMA 1590）；
• 核事故除外条款——责任——再保险——加拿大（NMA 1979a）；
• 核能风险排除条款（再保险）(1994)（全球范围，不包括美国和加拿大）(NMA 1975a)
In this way, the reinsurance contract seeks to exclude any loss or liability accruing to the reinsured, directly or indirectly and whether as first or third party, insurer or reinsurer, from any pool of insurers or reinsurers formed for the purposes of covering nuclear energy risks.
通过这种方式，再保险合同旨在将分保人直接或间接产生的任何损失或责任排除在任何为承保核能风险而组建的保险人或再保险人（风险）池中，无论是作为第一方还是第三方、保险人或再保险人 。
The NMA 1975a concerns cover for potential damage to nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations, as well as to liability claims resulting from the operation of such nuclear installations or from the utilisation, storage and transport of nuclear material including waste.
NMA 1975a 关注的范围包括对核电站和其他核设施的潜在损害，以及因此类核设施的运行或核材料（包括废物）的利用、储存和运输而产生的责任索赔。
E2 Pollution (or environmental contamination) exclusion clauses（污染（或环境污染）排除条款）
The pollution (or environmental contamination) exclusion clauses exclude reinsurers’ liability for environmental contamination claims.
污染（或环境污染）排除条款排除了再保险公司对环境污染索赔的责任。
Non-marine reinsurance（非海上再保险）
Following issues with coverage of pollution losses arising from the North American market, which were spread over a number of policies over various years and led to costly litigation for the London Market, the London Market Committee (LMC) drafted clauses LMC1 and LMC2. They are designed to counteract this problem both in the North American market and elsewhere:
• LMC1 is intended to remove liability for losses arising from gradual pollution from reinsurance cover of public liability and general third-party policies covering operations located outside North America.
• LMC2 is intended to specifically exclude from reinsurance cover any liability for losses from pollution (both ‘sudden and accidental’ and ‘gradual’) for operations located in the USA and Canada. The difference in wording is due to the fact that litigation in the USA resulted in the definition of ‘sudden and accidental’ being no longer clear.
北美市场产生的污染损失承保问题多年来分散在多项保单中，并导致伦敦市场成本高昂的诉讼，伦敦市场委员会 (LMC) 起草了 LMC1 和 LMC2 条款。它们旨在解决北美市场和其他地方的这个问题：
• LMC1 旨在消除公共责任再保险和覆盖北美以外业务的一般第三方保单对逐渐污染造成的损失的责任。
• LMC2 旨在明确将位于美国和加拿大的业务因污染（“突然和意外”以及“渐进”）造成的损失承担的任何责任排除在再保险范围之外。措辞上的差异是由于美国的诉讼导致“突然和意外”的定义不再明确。
Marine reinsurance（海上再保险）
The standard marine seepage and pollution exclusion can be found as exclusion 8 of JELC Excess Loss clauses.
标准海洋渗漏和污染排除可在 JELC 超额损失条款的排除 8 中找到。
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