Reinsurance - M97（Dip级30学分，选修）-《再保险》
往期精选：
（前述章节【Dip系列课程】M97-第七章-合同措辞D11G-D11I）
D12 Miscellaneous（其他条款）
D12A Simultaneous settlements clause（同时理赔条款）
The simultaneous settlements clause requires reinsurers to pay the reinsurance claim at the same time as the reinsured pays the insurance claim.
同时理赔条款要求再保险人在分保人支付保险赔款的同时支付再保险赔款。
To facilitate this payment, the reinsured often agrees to give at least two weeks advance notice of the proposed settlement dates for the original claims.
为便于支付，分保人通常同意至少提前两周通知原索赔的拟议结算日期。
D12B Projected payments（预计付款）
A related provision enables a reinsured to recover from the reinsurer on the basis of anticipated or projected payments to its original policyholders over a particular period.
与此相关的一项条款使分保人能够根据在某一特定时期内对原保单持有人的预期或预计付款情况向分保人追偿。
Whether in the reinsurance contract itself as, for example, the loss collection clause, or articulated as a claims handling arrangement in the subscription agreement section of the MRC, this provision is occasionally found in non-marine catastrophe excess of loss contracts. Its purpose is to help a reinsured with its cash flow in the immediate aftermath of a major catastrophe when significant sums are being paid out over a short period of time, and the reinsured would prefer to avoid the usual time lag between submitting collection notes and reimbursement.
无论是再保险合同本身中的损失收取条款，还是 MRC 中认购协议部分的索赔处理安排，非海上巨灾超额损失合同中偶尔会出现这一条款。其目的是在重大灾害发生后，分保人面临在短期内支付大笔赔款时，帮助分保人解决现金流问题，而分保人则希望避免从提交收款通知到获得赔付之间通常存在的时间差。
Payments are made by reinsurers on the basis of the reinsured’s anticipated, or projected, (insurance) payments and adjusted, if necessary, once the spike is over. Further, it is usually agreed that all monies paid remain those of reinsurers until such time as the reinsured pays its policyholders, and any interest earned in the meantime accrues to reinsurers. A high degree of trust between the parties is essential.
再保险人根据分保人的预期或预计（保险）支付额进行支付，必要时在（大笔赔款的）高峰期结束后进行调整。此外，双方通常商定，在分保人向其投保人付款之前，所有支付的款项仍归再保险人所有，在此期间赚取的任何利息均归再保险人所有。双方之间的高度信任至关重要。
Noted: The catastrophe claims settlement clause was introduced in early 2017. Property reinsurers now agree to advance monies on request up to a percentage of the reinsured’s ultimate loss estimate, if considered reasonable.
请注意：巨灾理赔条款于 2017 年初推出。财产再保险人现在同意根据请求预付款项，如果认为合理，预付金额最高可达分保人最终损失估算的一定百分比。
E Treaty exclusions（条约除外条款）
In this context, exclusions (or exceptions) are express terms of the treaty that reduce the extent of the cover which, but for the exception, would be provided by the treaty. In other words, exclusions state what a treaty does not cover. The reasons for the main treaty exclusions include:
• Some risks are considered un(re)insurable (e.g. nuclear or terrorism risks). In other words, the risks of loss are considered too great, in terms of frequency or severity or both, to be commercially acceptable to the reinsurer.
• Other risks are, for whatever reason, considered outside the scope of the reinsurance (for example, inwards reinsurance, assigned risks or market pools).
• Other risks are reinsured elsewhere, for instance, a non-marine property policy would be expected to exclude marine and aviation property losses.
• Alternatively, a reinsurer may exclude risks relating to specific territories or perils (e.g. mould).
在这种情况下，除外责任（或例外情况）是条约中的明确条款，这些条款减少了条约规定的承保范围。换言之，除外条款说明了条约不涵盖的内容。设置主要的条约除外条款的原因包括：
• 有些风险被认为是不可（再）保的（如核风险或恐怖主义风险）。换句话说，损失风险被认为过于严重，无论是在频率上还是在严重程度上，或者两者兼而有之，再保险人在商业上无法接受。
• 无论出于何种原因，都被认为不在再保险范围之内的风险（例如，内向再保险、指定风险或市场池）。
• 在其他地方分保的风险，例如，非海运财产保单预计将排除海运和航空财产损失。
• 另外，再保险人也可能排除与特定地区或危险有关的风险（如霉菌）。
When reviewing exclusion clauses, it is important not to forget that:
• Ambiguity in the exclusion is usually construed against the drafting party.
• In the event of a claim, the reinsured has the burden of proving that the loss suffered is within the scope of the treaty, whereas it is the reinsurer who has the burden of proving that the loss falls within a particular exclusion.
• Local law may apply to restrict what may or may not be excluded from certain contracts.
在审查免责条款时，重要的是不要忘记这一点：
• 免责条款中的模糊之处通常不利于起草方。
• 在发生索赔时，分保人有责任证明所遭受的损失属于条约范围，而再保险人则有责任证明损失属于特定免责范围。
• 当地法律可能会对某些合同的免责条款进行限制。
In this section, we outline those exclusions that are common to all forms of proportional and non-proportional treaty reinsurance:
• insolvency fund exclusion clause
• nuclear exclusion clauses
• pollution (or environmental contamination) exclusion clauses
• war and terrorism exclusion clauses
• reinsurance assumed
• other
在本节中，我们将概述所有形式的比例和非比例条约再保险中常见的免责条款：
• 破产基金除外条款
• 核排除条款
• 污染（或环境污染）除外条款
• 战争和恐怖主义除外条款
• 再保险承担条款
• 其他
Exclusions that are specific to property, casualty, marine and aviation reinsurance are discussed in the relevant chapters.
财产、意外、海运和航空再保险特有的除外责任在相关章节中讨论。
感谢阅读，欢迎打赏。
记得分享朋友圈打卡哦！
关注本sir，向更优秀的自己前进！
