Reinsurance - M97（Dip级30学分，选修）-《再保险》
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Chapter8. Legal issues relating to reinsurance（第八章 再保险相关的法律问题）
Introduction（引言）
A reinsurance transaction is the buying and selling of contractual promises. In this chapter, we examine the reinsurance contract with particular reference to its formation, its interpretation, and its express and implied terms. We also look at the issues of choice of law and jurisdiction, and limitation.
再保险交易是合同承诺的买卖。在本章中，我们将研究再保险合同，特别是其订立、解释及其明示和默示条款。我们还将探讨法律选择、管辖权和时效等问题。
Please note: we look only at the law of England and Wales and relevant case and statute law is included where appropriate.
请注意：我们只研究英格兰和威尔士的法律，相关判例和成文法也包含在适当的地方。
A The law applicable to reinsurance contracts（适用于再保险合同的法律）
In law, a reinsurance contract may be defined as an agreement in which one party, known as the reinsurer, undertakes to indemnify the other party, known as the reinsured, either wholly or partly, for liabilities it may incur under a contract (or contracts) of insurance. Reinsurance has been described (in Reinsurance in Practice by Robert and Stephen Kiln) as ‘insurance between consenting adults’ and, although perhaps more descriptive of the practical realities of reinsurance, the quotation helps to illustrate a number of important legal points about reinsurance contracts.
在法律上，再保险合同可定义为一方（即再保险人）承诺全部或部分赔偿另一方（即分保人）在一份（或多份）保险合同下可能承担的责任的协议。再保险被描述为 “成年人之间同意的保险”（Robert 和 Stephen Kiln 合著的《再保险实践》），虽然这也许更能说明再保险的实际情况，但引文有助于说明再保险合同的一些重要法律要点。
Firstly, a contract of reinsurance is an entirely distinct and separate contract from the underlying contract of insurance. The contracts of insurance and reinsurance are mutually exclusive, ordinarily the original insured having no legal interest in the reinsurance contract and the reinsurer having no legal interest in the insurance contract.
首先，再保险合同是与相关保险合同完全不同的独立合同。保险合同和再保险合同是相互排斥的，通常情况下，原被保险人在再保险合同中没有法律利益，再保险人在保险合同中也没有法律利益。
Typically, the original insured and the reinsurer have no rights or obligations against or to each other.
通常情况下，原被保险人和再保险人之间互不享有权利或承担义务。
Secondly, a contract of reinsurance is also a contract of insurance or, according to Lord Mansfield in Delver v. Barnes (1807): a new assurance, effected by a new policy, on the same risk which was before insured in order to indemnify the underwriters from their previous subscriptions; and both policies are in existence at the same time.
其次，再保险合同也是一份保险合同，或者根据曼斯菲尔德勋爵在 Delver 诉 Barnes 案（1807 年）中的说法：一份新的保证，通过一份新的保单生效，针对的是之前投保的同一风险，目的是对承保人之前的认购进行补偿；并且两份保单同时存在。
Furthermore, as a contract of insurance, the subject matter of the reinsurance contract is considered to be identical to that of the original insurance (the risk in the goods or whatever might be insured). In legal theory, it is not the liability of the insurer to the insured under that original insurance; reinsurance is not liability insurance (WASA v. Lexington (2009)).
此外，作为一份保险合同，再保险合同的标的被认为与原保险的标的（货物或任何可能被保险的物品的风险）相同。从法律理论上讲，这并不是保险人在原保险下对被保险人的责任；再保险不是责任保险（WASA 诉 Lexington 案（2009 年））。
A reinsurance contract is, therefore, subject to the general rules governing contracts and the special rules governing insurance contracts.
因此，再保险合同必须遵守合同的一般规则和保险合同的特殊规则。
Noted: To avoid doubt, it has been confirmed, in Re NRG Victory Reinsurance Limited (1995), that a retrocessional contract is also a contract of reinsurance and hence a contract of insurance.
请注意： 为避免疑问，在 Re NRG Victory Reinsurance Limited (1995) 一案中已确认，追溯合同也是再保险合同，因此也是保险合同。
The law of reinsurance is primarily concerned with the contractual relationship between the parties. However, it may also address their relationship with their agents, either brokers or underwriting agents and, to a lesser extent, the way in which regulatory bodies control the practice of reinsurance.
再保险法主要涉及当事人之间的合同关系。不过，它也可能涉及当事人与其代理人（经纪人或承保代理人）之间的关系，其次是监管机构控制再保险业务的方式。
This section concentrates on the contractual relationship between the parties, in particular, the formation and the construction or interpretation of the contract, all with reference to English law only.
本节集中讨论了双方之间的合同关系，特别是合同的订立和解释，所有内容均仅参照英国法律。
A1 Principles of insurance（保险原则）
Reinsurance contracts are subject to the following principles governing insurance contracts:
• utmost good faith
• indemnity
• insurable interest
• Form
再保险合同须遵守以下有关保险合同的原则：
• 最大诚信
• 弥偿
• 可保利益
• 形式
A1A Utmost good faith（最大诚信）
Reinsurance contracts, as insurance contracts and most other contracts of a fiduciary nature, are based on the principle of uberrima fides (the utmost good faith). This remains enshrined in section 17 of the Marine Insurance Act 1906, as amended by the Insurance Act 2015.
再保险合同与保险合同和其他大多数具有信托性质的合同一样，都是以uberrima fides（最大诚信）原则为基础的。经 2015 年《保险法》修订的 1906 年《海上保险法》第 17 条仍体现了这一原则。
Under the Insurance Act, there is no express statutory remedy for a breach of that duty, the former remedy of avoidance having been repealed. Nonetheless, the parties to reinsurance contracts are obliged to be open, honest and fair in their dealings with each other.
根据《保险法》，对违反该义务的行为没有明确的法定补救措施，以前的撤销补救措施已被废除。尽管如此，再保险合同双方仍有义务以公开、诚实和公平的方式进行交易。
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