Reinsurance - M97（Dip级30学分，选修）-《再保险》
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（前述章节【Dip系列课程】M97-第九章-再保险市场Intro-A2E）
A2F Office space at competitive prices（具有竞争力的价格的办公空间）
The cost of office space in the central business district of a city can sometimes be prohibitive, if available at all, and this has in the past prevented the development of some markets. However, with the use of information technology the impact of these costs has been marginalised.
城市中央商务区的办公空间成本有时甚至过高，甚至根本无法使用，这在过去阻碍了一些市场的发展。然而，随着信息技术的使用，这些成本的影响已被边缘化。
Some reinsurers and brokers have moved some of their back-office requirements outside the London Market to provincial locations, sometimes overseas, because of the reduced cost of staff and office space. Nevertheless, most regard a head office presence in the heart of its chosen market as essential.
由于员工和办公空间成本的降低，一些再保险公司和经纪人已将部分后台需求从伦敦市场转移到省级地点，有时甚至转移到海外。尽管如此，大多数人认为在其所选市场的中心设立总部是必不可少的。
A2G Multi-lingualism（多语言）
The reinsurance market must be able to converse with its clients and understand the information being sent to them. This means that a facility to translate into an acceptable language must be available within the market.
再保险市场必须能够与客户交谈并理解发送给他们的信息。这意味着市场内必须有翻译成可接受语言的设施。
A2H Stable legal and regulatory environment（稳定的法律和监管环境）
The courts and regulatory authorities must be acceptable to the clients of the reinsurance market and this includes the need for a legal framework adapted to the sector. For example, English law has built up a large background of developed reinsurance law and is recognised as a choice of law for disputes.
法院和监管机构必须为再保险市场的客户所接受，这包括需要适合该行业的法律框架。例如，英国法律积累了大量发达的再保险法，并被公认为解决纠纷的法律选择。
The regulatory authorities must be recognised as being sound and as not allowing reinsurers to set up with insufficient resources to provide security. This relates to the long-term aspect of the reinsurance industry: reinsurers must be available to pay losses sometimes many years after the contract originally incepted.
监管机构必须被认可为健全的，不允许再保险公司在资源不足的情况下成立，无法提供安全保障。这关系到再保险行业的长期性：再保险公司有时必须在合同最初签订多年后才有能力支付损失。
A2I Liberal attitude by authorities（当局的自由态度）
Authorities must allow the growth of the sector without imposing too many restrictions in terms of bureaucracy and taxation. At first glance, this requirement may seem at odds with those just discussed. In essence, reinsurers want the freedom to grow their business whilst accepting the constraints that any proper regulatory and supervisory framework is likely to want to impose.
当局必须允许该行业发展，而不会在官僚主义和税收方面施加太多限制。乍一看，这一要求似乎与刚才讨论的要求不一致。本质上，再保险公司希望自由发展业务，同时接受任何适当的监管和监督框架可能想要施加的限制。
A2J Quality family life（优质的家庭生活）
Where companies are unable or unwilling to recruit locally they have to consider importing their own talent from elsewhere. Whether individuals will want to relocate is another matter. Much will depend on the quality of life that the company is able to offer that talented individual in the territory in which the relocation is proposed. Furthermore, the companies will need to consider whether they can look after the aspirations of staff together with the welfare of their life partner and children.
如果公司无法或不愿意在当地招聘，他们就必须考虑从其他地方引进自己的人才。个人是否愿意搬迁则是另一回事。很大程度上取决于公司在计划搬迁的地区能够为有才华的个人提供什么样的生活质量。此外，公司还需要考虑他们是否能够照顾员工的愿望以及他们的生活伴侣和子女的福利。
A2K Time zone（时区）
With the advances in telecommunications, this has had less impact. However, staff do not want to be working unsociable hours in the office for long periods of time. In a reinsurance market, staff need to be available to supply answers when their clients require them. Therefore, there generally needs to be some overlap in the time zones between the relevant markets, so that direct communication is available at least some of the time.
随着通信技术的进步，这方面的影响较小。但是，员工不想长时间在办公室工作。在再保险市场中，员工需要随时提供答案，以满足客户的需求。因此，相关市场之间的时区通常需要重叠，以便至少在某些时候可以直接沟通。
A2L Foreign presence（国外业务）
A country’s own reinsurers do not solely dominate the market. A strong foreign presence allows the development of international reinsurance rather than a strong concentration on the domestic market only. This reflects the cosmopolitan nature of the reinsurance community.
一个国家的再保险公司并不完全主导市场。强大的国外业务可以促进国际再保险的发展，而不是仅仅专注于国内市场。这反映了再保险界的国际化性质。
A2M Strong national insurance industry（强大的国家保险业）
The strength of the national insurance industry of a country can help the development of the reinsurance industry. For example, the growth of the German reinsurance industry was possible mainly due to a strong domestic insurance industry.
一个国家强大的国家保险业可以促进再保险业的发展。例如，德国再保险业的增长主要得益于强大的国内保险业。
A2N Centralisation（集中化）
Where competition from other cities in the country or other cities in nearby countries is limited, this is a distinct advantage in attracting reinsurers to a market. For example, in the UK, although there are other regional centres such as Liverpool and Edinburgh, reinsurance has always been conducted predominantly in London and any reinsurer looking to locate in the UK will always look to London.
如果来自国内其他城市或周边国家其他城市的竞争有限，那么这对于吸引再保险公司进入市场具有明显的优势。例如，在英国，虽然有利物浦和爱丁堡等其他区域中心，但再保险一直主要在伦敦进行，任何希望在英国设立分支机构的再保险公司都会将目光投向伦敦。
A2O Tight economic controls and developed financial centre（严格的经济控制和发达的金融中心）
With the advent of alternative risk techniques, the location of a strong market is an advantage to insurers looking for different ways of handling their risks away from the traditional reinsurance placements. The location of a developed financial centre also provides an additional source of clients and a possible additional source of capital when looking to set up in or expand into a market. Reinsurers are interested in a relatively stable economy.
随着替代风险技术的出现，强大的市场位置对于寻求不同方式处理风险（远离传统再保险业务）的保险公司来说是一种优势。发达金融中心的位置还提供了额外的客户来源，并且在寻求进入或扩展市场时可能提供额外的资金来源。再保险公司对相对稳定的经济感兴趣。
Noted: Strong inflation has an adverse effect on rate estimation and influences the estimation of other costs, such as office space and staffing costs.
请注意：高额的通货膨胀对费率估算产生不利影响，并影响其他成本的估算，例如办公空间和人员成本。
A2P Strong currency（强势货币）
Reinsurers do not want to be in an economy where the currency is under constant threat of devaluation. This makes it very difficult to establish a reasonable perspective for the development of long-term business relationships.
再保险公司不希望处于货币不断面临贬值威胁的经济体中。这使得很难建立合理的长期业务关系发展前景。
Noted: Currencies fluctuate in value in relation to each other but, as a rule, reinsurers prefer to conduct their business in so-called major currencies, such as GBP, Euro and US$. This is because they are supported by the world’s biggest economies and are therefore less likely to be predisposed to sharp movements in relative value.
请注意： 货币之间的价值会波动，但一般来说，再保险公司更愿意以所谓的主要货币开展业务，例如英镑、欧元和美元。这是因为它们得到了世界最大经济体的支持，因此不太可能受到相对价值急剧波动的影响。
A2Q Arbitration facilities（仲裁设施）
Most reinsurance contracts favour arbitration to litigation and so insurers and reinsurers prefer commercial centres that can provide an experienced pool of arbitrators and defined techniques of arbitration. Although arbitrations can be conducted anywhere, there is a desire to locate them in existing centres, such as London or New York, and when inserted into wordings, arbitration clauses usually suggest a major existing centre as the seat of arbitration.
大多数再保险合同都倾向于仲裁而不是诉讼，因此保险公司和再保险公司更喜欢能够提供经验丰富的仲裁员和明确仲裁技术的商业中心。虽然仲裁可以在任何地方进行，但人们希望将其设在现有的中心，例如伦敦或纽约，并且在措辞中，仲裁条款通常会建议将一个主要的现有中心作为仲裁地点。
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