Reinsurance - M97（Dip级30学分，选修）-《再保险》
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（前述章节【Dip系列课程】M97-第七章-合同措辞E1-E2）
E3 War and terrorism exclusion clauses（战争和恐怖主义除外条款）
Traditionally, war risks were uninsurable. In the light of recent events, and the increasingly destructive and widespread nature of warfare, it remains general practice in all non-marine standard lines of business to exclude war and terrorism risks, although specific reinsurance of terrorism has arisen. In practice, however, and with exceptions for the use of nuclear weapons, cover is usually available for such risks, either by an extension to the basis cover or by means of an entirely separate cover.
传统上，战争风险是不可保险的。鉴于最近发生的事件以及战争的破坏性和广泛性，尽管已经出现了专门的恐怖主义再保险，但排除战争和恐怖主义风险仍然是所有非海事标准业务领域的普遍做法。然而，在实践中，除了使用核武器的例外情况外，通常可以通过基本保险的扩展或完全独立的保险来为此类风险提供保险。
The Terrorism Act 2000, stipulates how the term ‘terrorism’ is to be interpreted. To summarise, terrorism must involve an ‘action’ that:
• involves serious violence against a person;
• involves serious damage to property;
• endangers a person (other than the offender’s) life;
• poses a risk to the health or safety of the public; or
• is designed to seriously interfere with or disrupt an electronic system.
2000 年《恐怖主义法》规定了如何解释“恐怖主义”一词。总而言之，恐怖主义必须涉及以下“行动”：
• 涉及对人的严重暴力行为；
• 涉及严重的财产损失；
• 危及他人（犯罪者除外）的生命；
• 对公众的健康或安全构成风险；或者
• 旨在严重干扰或破坏电子系统。
In addition to the perpetration of any of these ‘actions’, terrorism can also include the use or threat of these defined ‘actions’ that are designed to:
• influence the Government;
• influence an international Governmental organisation;
• intimidate the public; or
• advance a political, religious, racial or ideological cause.
除了实施任何这些“行动”之外，恐怖主义还可以包括使用或威胁实施这些明确的“行动”，其目的是：
• 影响政府；
• 影响国际政府组织；
• 恐吓公众；或者
• 推进政治、宗教、种族或意识形态事业。
The interpretation in the Act is used as the base for the standard London Market terrorism exclusions NMA 2930 a, b and c.
该法案中的解释被用作标准伦敦市场恐怖主义除外条款 NMA 2930 a、b 和 c 的基础。
By contrast, in the USA, an act of terrorism is certified as such by the Secretary of Treasury for the purposes of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) and related Acts. This Act provides reinsurance coverage to insurance companies following a declared terrorism event that results in damage within the USA.
相比之下，在美国，根据《恐怖主义风险保险法》(TRIA) 和相关法案，恐怖主义行为由财政部长认定为恐怖主义行为。该法案为保险公司在发生在美国境内造成损害的已宣布的恐怖主义事件后提供再保险保障。
In the context of general liability treaties in the UK, the standard war and terrorism clause is usually caveated to the extent that it is necessary to comply with the Road Traffic Acts and/or the law relating to the compulsory insurance of liability to employees. Here, ‘terrorism’ is invariably expressed to follow the interpretation given to it in the Terrorism Act 2000.
在英国的一般责任条约中，标准战争和恐怖主义条款通常会在有必要遵守《道路交通法》和/或与雇员强制责任保险相关的法律的范围内予以附加说明。在这里，“恐怖主义”总是遵循 2000 年《恐怖主义法》中的解释。
E4 Reinsurance assumed clause（再保险承担条款）
The reinsurance assumed clause excludes liability arising out of any reinsurance business written (or assumed) by the reinsured. Its purpose clause is to reduce a reinsurer’s exposure to retrocession contracts, in particular, their tendency to aggregate single event risk at low premium. The clause has many forms and, of course, is absent in contracts intended to provide retrocessional cover. At its simplest, the reinsurance contract may exclude ‘all treaty business’. Alternatively, it may exclude ‘all reinsurance assumed other than facultative, intracompany reinsurance among many of the companies controlled by or affiliated with the Company, or reinsurance of policies underwritten by the Company’.
再保险承担条款不包括因再保险人承保（或承担）的任何再保险业务而产生的责任。其目的条款是减少再保险公司的转分保合同风险，特别是他们以低保费聚合单一事件风险的倾向。该条款有多种形式，当然，在旨在提供转分保保障的合同中不存在该条款。最简单地说，再保险合同可能排除“所有条约业务”。或者，它可能排除“除公司控制或附属的许多公司之间临时的公司内部再保险或公司承保的保单的再保险之外的所有再保险”。
E5 Insolvency fund exclusion clause（破产基金除外条款）
The insolvency fund exclusion clause excludes liability arising from the reinsured’s involvement in any insolvency fund. In the USA, an insolvency fund is often established by statute to handle the run-off of an insolvent insurer. Typically, it is a non-profit unincorporated legal entity backed by all other insurers licensed to transact insurance business in the particular state. The fund’s obligations and expenses are ‘assessed’ to those insurers.
破产基金除外条款排除了因再保险人参与任何破产基金而产生的责任。在美国，破产基金通常是依法设立的，以处理破产保险公司的破产问题。通常，它是一个非营利性非法人法人实体，由所有其他在特定州获得许可经营保险业务的保险公司提供支持。该基金的义务和费用由这些保险公司“评估”。
E6 Information technology hazards clarification clause（信息技术危害澄清条款）
The information technology hazards clarification clause excludes losses flowing from damage to, or failure of, a computer system unless arising from a specified peril. Similar provisions are entitled ‘electronic date recognition’ exclusions or endorsements.
信息技术危害澄清条款不包括因计算机系统损坏或故障而造成的损失，除非是由特定危险引起的。类似的条款被称为“电子日期识别”除外或背书。
A per catastrophe/event reinsurance would bar aggregation of such losses, save where caused by a specified peril and, in the marine market, the JELC information technology hazards clause XL 2001/003 is in use for this purpose.
按巨灾/事件再保险将禁止此类损失的汇总，除非是由特定危险造成的，并且在海运市场中，JELC 信息技术危险条款 XL 2001/003 正用于此目的。
By contrast, in the aviation market, the ‘aviation date recognition (reinsurance) clause’ (LSW 1036) confirms coverage for an aircraft accident caused by the failure of any equipment to function safely or correctly following any real or simulated change of date, without which no aircraft would be able to fly.
相比之下，在航空市场上，”航空日期确认（再保险）条款”（LSW 1036）确认承保因任何设备在任何实际或模拟日期变更后无法安全或正确运行而造成的飞机事故，没有这些设备，飞机将无法飞行。
E7 Other（其他）
Other general exclusion clauses include:
• pools, associations and syndicates exclusion clause;
• cyber attack exclusion clause/electronic data endorsement; and
• a sanction exclusion clause provides that the reinsurer has no liability to provide coverage, or to pay claims, to the extent that to do so would be in violation of any political, economic or trading sanctions or penalties.
其他一般排除条款包括：
• 风险池、协会和辛迪加除外条款；
• 网络攻击除外条款/电子数据背书；和
• 制裁除外条款规定，再保险公司没有责任提供保险或支付索赔，只要这样做会违反任何政治、经济或贸易制裁或处罚。
An example of a sanction exclusion clause (LMA 3100) is: No Reinsurer shall be deemed to provide cover and no Reinsurer shall be liable to pay any claim or provide any benefit hereunder to the extent that the provision of such cover, payment of such claim or provision of such benefit would expose that Reinsurer to any sanction, prohibition or restriction under United Nations resolutions or the trade or economic sanctions, laws or regulations of the European Union, United Kingdom or United States of America.
制裁除外条款 (LMA 3100) 的一个例子是： 如果根据联合国决议或欧盟、英国或美国的贸易或经济制裁、法律或法规，提供保险、支付索赔或提供保险金会使再保险人受到任何制裁、禁止或限制，则再保险人不应被视为（需要）提供保险，再保险人也没有责任支付任何索赔或提供任何保险金。
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