Reinsurance - M97（Dip级30学分，选修）-《再保险》
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（前述章节【Dip系列课程】M97-第八章-再保险相关的法律问题A2-A2A上）
A2A Offer and acceptance（要约及接受）
General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation v. Tanter (‘The Zephyr’) (1984)
In this case, a broker placed a risk with a number of underwriters. During placement, the broker advised, as was its usual practice, that it intended to place approximately twice the order that it had been given and subsequently to write down each reinsurer’s line. In other words, it intended to obtain twice the required amount of reinsurance and then reduce each underwriter’s line to 50% of what they had promised. Unfortunately, before it could complete the placing exercise, the insured vessel sank and claims were made against the reinsurers who, at that time, had agreed to underwrite the risk. In court, one reinsurer claimed that it should only be obliged to pay an amount based upon the line that it expected to have after signing down. The court held that it was obliged to pay the amount that it had actually agreed to pay and for which it had signed.
一般事故火灾和人寿保险公司 诉 Tanter（“The Zephyr”）（1984 年）
在本案例中，经纪人将风险交给了多家承保人。 在投保过程中，经纪人建议按照其通常的做法，其打算下达大约两倍于所下订单的订单，然后记下每个再保险公司的额度。 换句话说，它打算获得两倍于所需的再保险金额，然后将每个承保人的额度减少到他们承诺的50%。 不幸的是，在完成投保工作之前，受保船舶就沉没了，并向当时同意承保该风险的再保险公司提出了索赔。 在法庭上，一家再保险公司声称，它只需根据签约后预期的额度支付一定金额（50%）。 法院认为，其有义务支付其实际同意支付且已签署的金额。
From the moment the slip is signed, a reinsurance contract is agreed and a reinsurer is obliged to indemnify the reinsured according to its terms and in the amount specified in the slip until such time as that slip is amended or otherwise modified.
从签署单据的那一刻起，再保险合同就已达成一致，再保险公司有义务根据其条款和单据中指定的金额向分保人进行赔偿，直到该单据被修改或以其他方式修改为止。
In situations where reinsurance business is being concluded by email or other non-instantaneous means, a number of additional issues may arise, including the place and communication of the acceptance.
在通过电子邮件或其他非即时方式完成再保险业务的情况下，可能会出现许多其他问题，包括接受的地点和沟通方式。
Acceptance must be communicated to the other party or its representative and it may be necessary to distinguish between the fact of the acceptance, and the communication of the acceptance. In law, both elements are essential for agreement. In other words, it must be communicated to the reinsured that its offer has been accepted, otherwise there is no agreement. For example, a reinsurer in contact with the reinsured (or its broker) by email alone, may have executed a document in order to accept a risk. But, until that fact has been communicated to the reinsured (or its broker), the agreement is not complete.
接受必须传达给另一方或其代表，并且可能有必要区分接受的事实和接受的传达。 在法律上，这两个要素对于达成协议都是必不可少的。 换句话说，必须告知分保人其要约已被接受，否则就没有达成协议。 例如，仅通过电子邮件与分保人（或其经纪人）联系的再保险人可能已经签发了一份文件以接受风险。 但是，在将该事实传达给分保人（或其经纪人）之前，协议并不完整。
If the negotiating parties are located in different countries, the place in which the contract was made may determine the appropriate jurisdiction for any dispute. A contract concluded by fax or email is made at the place where the offeror receives the offeree’s acceptance of the offer (Brinkibon v. Stahag Stahl (1982)).
如果谈判双方位于不同国家，则合同签订地可以确定任何争议的适当管辖权。 通过传真或电子邮件签订的合同是在要约人收到受要约人接受要约的地点签订的（Brinkibon v. Stahag Stahl (1982)）。
A2B Consideration（对价）
Consideration is that which is actually given or accepted in return for a promise. It need not be adequate. In this context, the reinsured pays a premium in return for a reinsurer’s promise of indemnity in the event of a loss covered by the reinsurance contract.
对价是为换取承诺而实际给予或接受的东西。 它不一定是足够的。 在此背景下，分保人支付保费，以换取再保险人承诺在再保险合同承保的损失发生时进行赔偿的承诺。
A2C Legality（合法性）
Contracts that are forbidden by statute or are contrary to common law or public policy are illegal and, generally, without legal effect (or void).
法律禁止或违反普通法或公共政策的合同是非法的，并且通常不具有法律效力（或无效）。
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 provides that ‘no person may carry on a regulated activity in the United Kingdom…unless he is an authorised person’. This is known as the general prohibition. Further, at s.26(1): ‘an agreement made by a person in the course of carrying on a regulated activity in contravention of the general prohibition is unenforceable against the other party’.
《2000 年金融服务和市场法》规定“任何人不得在英国进行受监管的活动……除非他是授权人士”。 这称为一般禁止。 此外，第 26(1) 条：“一个人在进行受监管活动的过程中违反一般禁止而达成的协议对另一方不可执行”。
Accordingly, where the regulated activity is the effecting and carrying out of contracts of reinsurance, an unauthorised reinsurer may not enforce a reinsurance contract against a reinsured. The reinsured may, however, at the discretion of the court, enforce the reinsurance contract (see s.28(3)). It remains to be seen quite how the court will exercise its discretion in practice. In any case, under s.26(2), the reinsured is entitled to recover the premium paid and compensation for any loss sustained as a result of having parted with that premium (presumably, interest in most cases).
因此，如果受监管的活动是再保险合同的生效和履行，未经授权的再保险人不得针对分保人执行再保险合同。 然而，分保人可以根据法院的酌情决定执行再保险合同（见第 28(3) 条）。 法院在实践中如何行使自由裁量权还有待观察。 无论如何，根据第 26(2) 条，分保人有权收回已支付的保费以及因放弃该保费而遭受的任何损失的赔偿（在大多数情况下大概是利息）。
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