汉语中:句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。
一、主语
定义:主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是 “什么人” 或 “什么事”。
举例:“小明在做作业。” 这里的 “小明” 就是主语,表示做事情的人是谁。
二、谓语
定义:谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出 “做什么”“是什么” 或 “怎么样”。
举例:“小明在做作业。” 中的 “在做作业” 就是谓语,表明主语 “小明” 正在进行的动作。
三、宾语
定义:宾语是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。
举例:“小明喜欢苹果。” 这里的 “苹果” 就是宾语,是 “喜欢” 这个动作的对象。
四、定语
定义:定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
举例:“美丽的花朵在风中摇曳。”“美丽的” 就是定语,用来修饰 “花朵”,说明花朵的特征。
五、状语
定义:状语是动词或形容词前面的连带成分,用来修饰、限制动词或形容词,表示动作的状态、方式、时间、处所或程度等。
举例:“小明快速地跑过来。”“快速地” 是状语,说明 “跑” 这个动作的状态。
六、补语(初高中英语李老师15191416900)
定义:补语是述补结构中补充说明作用的。
举例:“他把房间保持的很干净。”,“干净” 就是补语,补充说明 “房间” 的程度。
在英语中,句子成分主要有以下几种:
一、主语(Subject)
定义:句子中执行动作的主体,或者被描述的对象,是句子中谓语动词动作的发出者。
举例:“Tom likes apples.”(“Tom” 是主语,表示喜欢苹果的人)。
The sun rises in the east.(名词)
He likes dancing.(代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Seeing is believing. (动名词)
To see is to believe. (不定式)
二、谓语(Predicate)定义:说明主语的动作或状态。
举例:“She is singing.”(“is singing” 是谓语,表示她正在进行的动作)。
We study English. He likes playing the games.
在英语当中能做谓语的动词只有两类:1系动词 2 实义动词。
有系动词的句子叫主系表;有实义动词的句子叫主谓宾
三、宾语(Object)定义:动作的对象或承受者,是句子中谓语动词动作的承受者。
举例:“I love you.”(“you” 是宾语,是 “love” 这个动作的对象)。
I like China. (名词) He hates you. (代词)
How many do you need? We need two. (数词)
We should help the old and the poor.
I enjoy working with you.(动名词)
I hope to see you again.(不定式)
Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句)
2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?All the students are interested in playing soccer
3)双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)
He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.
宾补:对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor. (名词)
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. (名)
We will make them happy. (形容词)
We found nobody in.( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. 介词短语)
Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词)
I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词)
主补:对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
四、表语(Predicative)定义:位于系动词之后,表示主语的性质、状态和特征等。
举例:“She is beautiful.”(“beautiful” 是表语,说明 “she” 的状态)。
He is a teacher. (名词)
Five and five is ten. (数词)
He is asleep.(形容词)
His father is in. (副词)
The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost.(形容词化的分词)
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. (不定式)
The question is whether they will come.(表语从句)
常见的系动词有:
一、be动词(am/is/are/was/were等);
二、感官系动词(feel 摸起来, sound听起来, look看起来, taste尝、吃起来, smell闻起来);
三、其他系动词:
1.持续系动词表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主有 keep, remain, stay 等。
2.表象系动词表示 “看起来好像”,主要有 seem, appear, look 等
3.变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有 become, grow, turn, get, go 等。
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet.Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.
The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
五、定语(Attribute)定义:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
翻译时用‘…的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
举例:“The red car is mine.”(“red” 是定语,修饰 “car”)。
1.形容词作定语
这是最常见的一种定语形式。形容词通常放在名词之前,用来描述名词的特征、性质等。
例如:a beautiful flower(一朵美丽的花),“beautiful”(美丽的)这个形容词修饰 “flower”(花)。
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
2.名词作定语:名词可以修饰另一个名词,说明被修饰名词的用途、类别等。
例如:a coffee cup(一个咖啡杯),“coffee”(咖啡)修饰 “cup”,表示这个杯子是用来装咖啡的。
3.代词作定语:形物代(如 my, your, his, her等)和指示代词(如 this, that, these, those)可以作定语。
例如:my book(我的书),“my”(我的)是形容词性物主代词作定语修饰 “book”;
this girl(这个女孩),“this”(这个)是指示代词作定语修饰 “girl”。
4.数词作定语:数词和序数词都可以作定语。
例如:three apples(三个苹果),“three”(三)是基数词作定语修饰 “apples”;
the first lesson(第一课),“first”(第一)是序数词作定语修饰 “lesson”。
5.分词作定语:现在分词(-ing 形式)和过去分词(-ed 形式)可以作定语。
现在分词表示主动、进行的意义,过去分词表示被动、完成的意义。
例如:a sleeping baby(一个正在睡觉的婴儿),“sleeping” 是现在分词作定语修饰 “baby”;
a broken window(一扇破了的窗户),“broken” 是过去分词作定语修饰 “window”。
6.不定式作定语:不定式通常放在被修饰的名词之后作定语,表示将要发生的动作。
例如:something to eat(一些吃的东西),“to eat” 是不定式作定语修饰 “something”。
7.介词短语作定语:介词短语放在名词之后,对名词进行修饰和限定。
例如:the book on the table(桌子上的书),“on the table” 是介词短语作定语修饰 “book”。
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
8.定语从句作定语:一个句子作定语修饰名词或代词,这个句子就叫定语从句。
例如:The man who is standing there is my teacher.(站在那里的那个人是我的老师。)“who is standing there” 是定语从句修饰 “man”。
二、定语的位置
单个形容词、名词、代词、数词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
分词、不定式、介词短语、定语从句等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后。
三、定语的作用
定语的主要作用是使被修饰的名词或代词更加具体、明确,增强语言的表现力和准确性。可以传达出丰富的信息,让人能更好地理解所描述的事物。
Jack is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
He is our friend. (代词)
We belong to the third world. (数词)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)
六、状语(Adverbial)定义:用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。
举例:“He runs quickly.”(“quickly” 是状语,修饰 “runs”,表示跑的方式)。
一:状语的分类
1.时间状语:表示动作发生的时间。
例如:yesterday(昨天)、today(今天)、tomorrow(明天)、in the morning(在早上)、in the evening(在晚上)、last week(上周)、next month(下个月)等。
2.地点状语:表示动作发生的地点。
例如:at home(在家)、in the park(在公园)、on the street(在街上)、in the classroom(在教室里)等。
3.方式状语:表示动作的方式。
例如:slowly(慢慢地)、quickly(迅速地)、carefully(仔细地)、loudly(大声地)、happily(高兴地)等。
4.原因状语:表示动作发生的原因。
例如:because of...(因为…)、due to...(由于…)、thanks to...(多亏…)、owing to...(由于…)等。
5.目的状语:表示动作的目的。
例如:in order to...(为了…)、so as to...(以便…)、for the purpose of...(为了… 的目的)等。
6.结果状语:表示动作的结果。
例如:so...that...(如此… 以至于…)、such...that...(如此… 以至于…)、therefore(因此)等。
7.条件状语:表示动作发生的条件。
例如:if(如果)、unless(除非)、as long as(只要)、on condition that(在… 条件下)等。
8.让步状语:表示虽然存在某种情况,但并不影响主句的动作。
例如:although/though(虽然)、even though/even if(即使)、no matter...(无论…)等。
二、状语的位置
1.一般情况下,状语可以放在句首、句中或句末。
例如:Yesterday, I went to the park.(句首) I went to the park yesterday.(句末)
2.频度副词(如 always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never 等)放在实义动词前,情系助后。
例如:I often go to school by bike.(行为动词之前) He is always late for school.(be 动词之后)
They can never understand me.(情态动词之后)
三、状语的作用
状语的作用主要是对句子中的动词、形容词、副词或整个句子进行修饰和限定,使句子的意思更加完整、准确、生动。通过使用不同类型的状语,可以表达出丰富的时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果等信息,增强语言的表现力。
如:The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs a pen now. 孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)
介词短语作状语:In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./ 在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./ 星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
不定式作状语:The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.
划分句子成分练习一
(一). 选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. whom D. book
(二) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑥ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
(三) 挑出下列句中的表语(5分, 5分钟)
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(四) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
② What is your first name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① They call me Lily sometimes.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④Did you see Li Ming playing football just now?
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
(六) 挑出下列句中的状语(8分, 8分钟)
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The girls followed Jack to see the other flowers.
(七) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语(5分, 5分钟)
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
划分句子成分练习二
翻 译 练 习:
主谓结构 ( 主语 + 不及物动词 )
1你应当努力学习。
2她昨天回家很晚。
3那天早上我们谈了很多。
4会议将持续两个小时。
5这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。
6.每天八时开始上课。
7.五年前我住在北京。
主谓宾结构 (主语 +及物动词 +宾语 )
1昨晚我写了一封信。
2今天下午我想同你谈谈。
3这本书他读过多次了。
4他们成功地完成了计划。
5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。
6那位先生能流利地说三种语言。
7我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。
8 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。
9我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。
10他不知道说什麽好。
主系表结构 (主语 +系动词+表语 )
1我的兄弟都是大学生。
2冬季白天短,夜晚长。
3布朗夫人看起来很健康。
5孩子们,请保持安静。
6这本书是有关美国历史的书。
9树叶已经变黄了。
10这个报告听起来很有意思。
双宾语结构 (主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 )
1 John先生去年教我们德语。
2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。
4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗?
5. 他把车票给列车员看。
6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。
7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。
9. 请你给我弄一本新的,好吗?
复合宾语结构 (主语 +动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 )
1我们叫她Alice.
2他的父母给他取名为John.
3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。
6我们要使学校变得更美丽。
11每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。
16那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了
17她正在听人家讲故事。
划分句子成分练习二答案:翻译练习:
主谓结构 ( 主语 + 不及物动词 )
1You should study hard.
2 She went home very late yesterday evening.
3That morning we talked a great deal.
4The meeting will last two hours.
5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
6Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day.
7The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.
8Classes begin at eight every day.
9This box weighs five kilos.
10 I lived in Beijing five years ago.
主谓宾结构 (主语 + 及物动词 +宾语 )
1.I wrote a letter last night.
2.I want to talk with you this afternoon.
3.He has read this book many times.
4.They have carried out the plan successfully.
5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.
6.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently.
7.I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia.
8.Jim cannot dress himself.
9.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
10.He did not know what to say.
主系表结构 (主语 + 系动词 +主语补语 )
1My brothers are all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.
3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.
5 Children, keep quiet please. 6 This book is about the history of the United States.
7Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 8He is out of work.
9The leaves have turned yellow. 10The report sounds interesting.
双宾语结构 (主语 + 双宾动词 +间接宾语 +直接宾语 )
1Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
2Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
3Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.
4Would you please pass me the dictionary?
5He showed the ticket to the conductor.
6This term I have written three letters to my parents.
7My father has bought me a new bike.
8Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat.
9Will you please get me a new copy?
10 Shall I call you a taxi?
复合宾语结构 (主语 + 宾补动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语 )
1We call her Alice. 2His parents named him John.
3All of us considered him honest. 4They pushed the door open.
5They have set the thief free. 6We will make our school more beautiful.
7He asked us to join in the game. 8I want you to tell me the truth.
9The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10Tomorrow I’ll have someone repair the machine.
11Every morning we hear him read English aloud.