动词的语态
一:概念:动词的语态表示主语与谓语之间的关系。
分类
主动语态：表主语是谓语动作的执行者
被动语态：表主语是谓语动作的承受者。
We swept the floor． 我们打扫了地板。（主动语态）
The floor was swept. 地板被打扫了。（被动语态）
He wrote a letter. 他写了一封信。（主动语态）
The letter was written by him. 这封信是他写的。（被动语态）
The glass was broken by the boy.
玻璃杯被那个男孩打破了。（被动语态）
All kinds of bikes are sold in that shop.
各种各样的自行车在那个商店出售。（被动语态）
二:结构
1.被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，通过助动词be的变化来体现，助动词be必须与主语的人称和数相一致，其变化规则与系动词be完全一样。
时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
一般现在时 | 主语+实意动词 | Am/is/are+过去分词 |
一般过去时 | 主语+was/were | Was/were+过去分词 |
一般将来时 | 主语+will+be | Will/shall+be+过去分词 |
现在进行时 | 主语+am/is/are+动词ing | Am/is/are+being+过去分词 |
过去进行时 | 主语+was/were+动词ing | Was/were+being+过去分词 |
现在完成时 | 主语+have/has+过去分词 | Have/has+been+过去分词 |
过去完成时 | 主语+had+过去分词 | Had+been+过去分词 |
过去将来时 | 主语+should/would+动原 | Should/would+be+done |
情态动词 | 情态动词+动原 | 情态动词+be+过去分词 |
动词不定式1 | 一般式（not） To do | （not）To be done |
2 | 完成式 （not）To have done | （not）To have been done |
主动：People believed that he was killed
被动：He is believed to have been killed /It is believed that he was killed
She wanted the letter to be typed at once
2.变否定句：在助动词be/have 后+not
三:用法:
1.当句子强调动作的承受者时要使用被动语态。
This letter was written by me.
这封信是由我写的。(强调动作承受者this letter)
2.当不知道都动作的出发者，只强调基既成的事实时，也要有被动语态。
This window is closed.
窗户被关上了。（不知道动作的发出者是谁，也没有必要知道）
3.表达“据说；据报道；被认为”时，要用被动语态。
It is said that he was a doctor before
据说以前他是个医生。
四:主动变被动步骤
1.主动语态变被动语态的步骤如下：
(1)主动变被动时，将主动的宾语变为被动语态的主语。如果原句宾语为代词，其宾格形式要变为主格形式。
(2)把主动语态的动词变为被动结构：即be+过去分词形式。
(3)当需要强调主动语态的主语时，变被动语态需要加介词by，如：
例1： People use radios for listening to the news.
变被动语态时需要把宾语radios变成主语
Radios are used for listening to the news.
例2：We asked him to sing a song.
变被动语态时需要把宾格的him变成主格形式He
He was asked to sing a song.
例3：He wrote a report。 被动： A report was written by him.
变被动语态如果需要强调是他所写的则必须+by谁谁谁
注：当主动语态是动词短语（动词+介/副词）时，动词短语需看成一个整体
“动词+介词／副词”构成的短语动词变成被动语态时，要当作整体，介/副词看作整体不可拆分不可省略
The patient is being operated on.（on不可省略） 病人正在动手术。
His request was turned down.（down不可省略）
He was looked up to by everyone.（up和to不可省略拆分）人所敬仰
这类短语动词常见的有：get out of，look out of，get on with, get along with, catch up with, keep up with等。
主动句：You must pay attention to your pronunciation．
被动句：Your pronunciation must be paid attention to，
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
这类短语动词常见的还有：catch sight of，make use of, make fun of, make friends with. set fire to,take care of, take hold of, take part in, take notice of,keep an eye on等。
注：感官动词hear see notice look at listen to feel watch等
使役动词make have let help等在主动语态中用省略to的不定式作补语，变成被动语态时则要把省略的to加上。
Someone saw Jack enter the teacher's office.
= Jack was seen to enter the teacher's office.
He made me study hard = I was made to study hard
五:主动结构表被动意义
有些结构是主动语态的形式，但表示被动的意义。常见的几种情况有：
1.某些系动词feel look seem appear taste sound smell prove remain
用主动结构形式表示被动意义.
正：The material feels very soft.这种料子摸起来很柔软。
误：The material is felt very soft
正：The music sounds beautiful.这音乐听起来很美妙。
误：The music is sounded beautiful
2.在表示“需要”的need want require deserve 等后接doing时。
The floor needs sweeping.=the floor needs to be swept
The house wants repairing.=the house wants to be repaired
注：在be worth doing“值得做某事”句子的主语是doing的逻辑宾语，但doing仍然使用主动形式。
The film is well worth watching. 这部电影很值得看。
六：主动变被动易错点
1、带双宾语的句子（主+谓+间宾+直宾）变被动语态时有两种情况需要注意
1.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，但变间接宾语为主语的情况较多。
主动：Tom gave me a present on my birthday.
被动：I was given a present by Tom on my birthday.
A present was given to me on my birthday by Tom.
注意：把直接宾语（指物）改为主语，则在间接宾语（指人）前加适当的介词：表示“给了谁”通常在间接宾语前用介词to
表示“为了谁”一般在间接宾语前用介词for，此时for不可省略。
主动： Mother make me a new skirt.
被动： A new skirt was made for me./I was made a new skirt
主动： She lent me a coat.
被动： A coat was lent to me．/I was lent a coat by her
这种情况需要注意，并无绝对的规则
如：主动：We called him an ass. 我们叫他傻瓜。
不说：An ass was called him. 可说：He was called an ass.
2、带有形式宾语it的句子也可变为被动句，在被动句中则做形式主语
主动： We consider it wrong to shout at children who make mistakes.
我们认为对犯错误的孩子大喊大叫是不对的。
被动：It is considered wrong to shout at children who make mistakes.
3、
当主语句的主语是nobody，no one等含否定意义的不定代词时，换被动句将其变成anybody并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。
主动：Nobody can lift this stone. 谁也拿不起这块石头。
不说：This stone can be lifted by nobody.
可说：This stone cannot be lifted by anybody
主动句中如果有带no的否定句，被动句需要用no neither或never等替换
主动：No one sees him go into the room
被动：He is not seen to go into the room
主动：No one has ever beaten her at tennis. 网球比赛，没人打的过她。
被动：She has never been beaten at tennis.
专题15 被动语态100题
1．（2022·山东滨州·中考真题）The 24th Winter Olympics ________ in Beijing and Zhangjiakou in 2022, from February 4th to 20th.
A．held B．was held C．will be held D．has been held
2．（2022·辽宁盘锦·中考真题）It’s said that tea _________ for the first time about 5,000 years ago.
A．drinks B．drank C．is drunk D．was drunk
3．（2022·广西河池·中考真题）Some new schools ________ in our city next year.
A．are built B．were built C．will build D．will be built
4．（2022·辽宁营口·中考真题）A speech on robots ________ in the school hall next Friday afternoon.
A．is given B．will be given
C．was given D．has been given
5．（2022·江苏镇江·中考真题）It’s a long time! I can’t remember when this picture _______ in Jinshan Park.
A．was taken B．takes C．is taken D．took
6．（2022·辽宁朝阳·中考真题）It’s said that tea __________ by accident about five thousand years ago.
A．was invented B．is invented C．will be invented D．were invented
7．（2022·广西·中考真题）Chinese _________ by more and more people in the world.
A．speak B．speaks C．is speaking D．is spoken
8．（2022·北京·中考真题）On our farm, the tea leaves ________ by hand when they are ready.
A．pick B．picked C．are picked D．were picked
9．（2022·江苏徐州·中考真题）I ________ by aliens on my way home the other day. Do you believe me?
A．have attacked B．was attacked C．was attacking D．am attacked
10．（2022·辽宁辽宁·中考真题）Five more clubs ________ next week to make our school life rich and colorful.
A．set up B．are set up C．will be set up D．were set up
11．（2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·二模）Now teenagers ________ to do volunteering work for their local communities.
A．are encouraged B．are encouraging C．have encouraged
12．（2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·二模）The 19th Asian Games ______ in the city of Hangzhou this autumn. We can watch some games popular with the young such as break dancing and 3-on-3 basketball.
A．will hold B．are held C．will be held
13．（2022·黑龙江·二模）Sweeping robots ________ more and more widely today. Why not buy one?
A．use B．are using C．are used
14．（2022·黑龙江牡丹江·一模）—I have never seen this new kind of 5G mobile phone?
—It ________ by Huawei several months ago.
A．invented B．is invented C．was invented
15．（2022·海南·二模）The first World Earth Day ________ to educate us to protect our planet in 1970.
A．is celebrated B．was celebrated C．celebrated
16．（2022·吉林四平·一模）Chinese ________ widely all over the world because of China’s rapid development.
A．speaks B．was spoken C．is spoken
17．（2022·江苏盐城·二模）All visitors ________ to take their temperatures when they enter the school.
A．is asked B．was asked C．are asked D．were asked
18．（2022·黑龙江·哈尔滨市第四十七中学三模）—Did you remember ________ after class yesterday?
—Of course. Sara told us she would get her ears ________.
A．what was happened, pierce B．what happened, pierced C．what’s happened, to pierce
19．（2022·河北唐山·三模）The rubbish ________ from the grass, and then the park was clean again.
A．removed B．is removed C．was removed D．will be removed
20．（2022·福建龙岩·模拟预测）—Why don’t you set off?
—My flight ________ because of the bad weather.
A．cancel B．was canceled C．will be canceled
