句子成分（初二上）和动词不定式用法（初二全年）
一：句子成份简单讲解
1.主语：句子所陈述的对象，名词（短语）、代词主格、动词不定式、动名词和句子（主语从句）充当。
2.谓语：对主语进行描述，或为主语所发出的动作。由实意动词或者系动词+表语充当，而情态动词和助动词必须借助实意动词共同承担。
3.宾语：属于动作的承受者/被执行者，名词（短语）/动词不定式to do/动名词和句子（宾语从句）充当。
4.系动词：
表示状态或状态变化的动词,没有实际的动作意义.如be动词、感官系动词（look, sound, smell,taste,feel）和趋向性系动词（become、get、turn、go、keep,stay和remain）等。
5.表语：跟系动词后面的成分，由名词、形容词、不定式、V+ing和句子（表语从句）构成。
6.定语：修饰名词或代词的成分，一般由介副词短语、动词不定式、形容词等担当。
7.状语：修饰形容词、副词、动词或句子的成分，由副词或句子（状语从句）充当。
8.补语：分宾语补足语和主语补足语.对宾语和主语起补充说明,有主动或被动的逻辑关系。
例：You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。
（You是主语， should keep是谓语，the room是宾语，clean and tidy是宾语补足语。）
This kind of food tastes delicious. 这种食物吃起来很可口。
（This kind of food是主语， tastes是系动词， delicious是表语。）
注:主、谓、宾、系动词、表、补语是一个句子的主干成分；定语和状语是一个句子的修饰性成分。
二：动词不定式用法
动词不定式（infinitive）为非谓语动词。基本结构：以动词不定式符号to+动词原形（to do）构成，其否定式是在to前+not（not to do）有动词的属性，但不能做谓语。接不定式的单词多为"打算""计划""希望""将要做某事"等表示未来(未做的事)的动词，常用来表达一种具体的带有计划目的的一次性的动作。
一：做主语：
To get up early for students is important （动词不定式做主语，谓语动词用单三），引入形式主语it
To study from the excellent people is a good virtue
To do such things is dangerous it is dangerous to do such things
To buy this pen costs me 3 yuan it costs me 3 yuan to buy this pen
用it作形式主语，动词不定式做真正主语的句型有:
1.It+be+形容词+（for sb）+to do：“（对某人来说）做...（事）是...样的” 此结构中的形容词：表示常用来描述（事务）客观情况:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等用for，且（for sb）如果不需要指明是谁时可以省略。（初高中英语李老师：15191416900 （同微）
2.辨析It+be+形容词+of sb+to do：“（对某人来说）做...（人）是...样的” 此结构中的形容词：用来描述人的品行性格（说人的）的词，如stupid,nice,good,foolish,lazy,kin等时，只能用of，且（of sb）不能省略。
It is difficult for us to finish our work in an hour. 相当于To finish our work in an hour is difficult
It is stupid of you to do that. It is nice of you to say so
3.It takes/costs sb+some time+to do：表示用来描述“花费某人...时间/金钱去做...”
It takes me 30 minutes to finish the work。 How long did it take you to finish the work?
二：作宾语 (want /expect/hope/plan/happen/try/agree/need/used... to do sth)本单元语法重点
作宾语即为动词不定式to do 做谓语动词的宾语 简单理解就是want to do sth，I want to eat an apple
常见较特殊的结构：动词+疑问词+不定式 I don’t know which one to buy/where to go/what to do
三：作宾语补足语 （want sb to do sth）本单元语法重点（注意和做宾语区分）
He told me to bring you the cup．Who taught you to play the music？
作宾语补足语相当于：动词+宾语+不定式(to do)常见动词:advise,allow,like,tell,/ask/want/encourage/invite/等同学们需要自己注意进行归纳，遇见一个记一个，平时多读多理解
六：作状语
1.表示目的：He wrote so fast as to save time for playing. He ran so fast to win the game
2.表示结果：动词不定式作状语表示结果时常与副词too或enough连用。例如：
It's too heavy to carry．太重了搬不动。 The police arrived too late to save the boy．
3.表原因：（I'm）glad to see you 看到你我很高兴（因为看到你，所以高兴）
较特殊用法
1.和某些形容词连用 be able/ready/sorry/afraid/sure/willing to do
He's very happy to see his wife．I'm sorry to trouble you．
2.和疑问词who，what，when，where，which，how构成不定式短语作宾语。例如：
I don't know how to use a computer．Can you tell me when to start？
3.动词+疑问词+不定式
decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell等动词后跟特殊疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如when to leave/where to go等:
①When to leave for Ankang has not been decided yet. (不定式短语在句子中做主语)
②Mr. Li didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式短语在句子中做宾语)
③I asked teacher Li how to learn English well. (不定式短语在句子中做直接宾语)
4部分实义动词后既可用to do又可用doing（用to do多为"打算"希望"将要做某事"等表示未做的事（一种具体的带有计划目的的一次性的动作）。而用ing表示正在进行、习惯性经常性发生的行为。）
1.stop to do/ doing停下来做另一件事 /停止做某事 2.forget to do/ doing忘记去做某事 /忘记做过某事
3.remember to do/doing记住去做某事/记得做过某事 4.go on to do/doing继续做另一件事 /继续做某事
5.like/love to do/doing（临时一次性的 /长期习惯性的）6.hate to do/doing讨厌做某事（临时 /长期）
5.感官实义动词后面可以跟动词不定式to do 也可跟动名词ing，但需注意区别其不同语意
用不带to的动词不定式强调动作的完成过程，用现在分词强调动作的进行状态。
1.hear sb do sth./doing 强调结果或过程。听见某人做某事/ 听见某人正在做某事
2.listen to sb do sth./doing强调听的动作。听某人做某事/听某人正在做某事
3.look at sb do sth./doing 强调结果或过程。看某人做某事 /看某人正在做某事
4.see sb do sth./doing强调看的动作. 看见某人做某事 /看见某人正在做某事
5.watch sb do sth./doing 强调看的结果或过程。 观察某人做某事 /观察某人正在做某事
6.notice sb do sth/doing强调看的动作。注意到某人做某事 /注意某人正在做某事
7. begin to do/doing开始做某事 8. start to do/doing开始做某事
9. continue to do/doing继续做某事 10. take turns to do/doing 轮流做某事
6.使役动词：表示使、令、让等意义的动词后跟省略了to的动词不定式（即动词原形，但当变为被动语态时，to必须还原--初三中考考点）make/have/let sb do sth使某人做某事
初中英语动词+doing和+to do 句型
一、 带动词ing形式（mind doing sth等）
1. keep doing坚持做某事 2. keep sb. doing使某人一直做某事
3. practise doing sth.练习做某事 4. enjoy doing喜欢做某事
5. finish doing完成做某事
6. be afraid of doing 害怕做某事 be busy doing 忙于做某事
7. look forward to doing盼望做某事
8. how about doing、./what about doing做某事怎么样
9. spend some time (in)doing花时间做某事
10. spend some money (in) buying 花钱做某事
11. feel like doing想做某事
12. stop/keep/prevent … from doing阻止某人做某事
13. thank sb for doing感谢某人做某事 14. thanks for doing感谢做某事
15. do some cooking/cleaning/reading/shopping/washing做饭打扫卫生读书逛街洗衣服
16. go swimming/fishing/shopping/skating/boating去游泳钓鱼逛街滑冰划船
17. mind doing介意做某事 18. can’t help doing情不自禁做某事
19. consider doing考虑做某事 20. have fun doing sth.. 做某事有趣
21. have difficulty/trouble/problem（in）doing sth做某事有困难
22. waste time/money doing浪费时间或金钱做某事 23. instead of doing代替做某事
24. miss doing 错过做某事 25. hold on to doing坚持做某事
26. pay attention to doing集中精力做某事 27. suggest doing建议做某事
28. It’s time for doing 到该做某事的时间了 It’s time to do sth. 到该做某事的时间了
29. There is sb doing sth有人正在做某事 30. be used to doing sth 习惯做某事
31. be used for doing sth被用来做某事
32. have a lot of experience具有做某事的丰富经验
33 sb allow doing sth允许做某事 34. put off doing sth推迟做某事
35. succeed in doing sth 成功做某事 36. end up doing以做某事结束
37. give up doing放弃做某事 38.go on doing 继续做某事
二、动词不定式省略to的结构 （help sb （to）do sth）变被动语态的时要还原上to
1.had better (not) do sth.最好（不）做某事
2.would you please (not) do sth 你可以做某事吗？
3.why not do sth.为什么不做某事？ why don’t you do sth.为什么你不做某事？
4.Shall we do sth.?我们要做某事吗？
5.let sb do sth.让某人做某事
6.make sb. do sth. have sb do sth使某人做某事
三、to do sth（want to do sth等）
1. It’s time to do sth. 该是做某事的时候了
2. It takes sb. some time to do sth做某事花了某人时间
3. tell/ask/want/encourage/invite/ sb. to do sth.告诉、叫、想、鼓励、 邀请某人做某事
4. Would you like to do sth.?你想做某事吗？5. It’s good/bad to do sth做某事好/不好
6. It’s good/bad for sb.to do sth.对某人来说，做某事好/不好
7. be +adj.+ enough to do sth.足够+形容词做某事
8. sb. is ready to do sth.某人准备好做某事
9. It’s + adj.+ for sb. to do sth. 做某事对某人+形容词（做这件事对你好）
10. It’s + adj.+ of sb. to do sth某人做某事+形容词 （你做这事真好）
11. would like/love /decide/want/wish/to do sth. 想、喜欢、决定、想、希望做某事
12. would like/love sb. to do sth.想让某人做某事
13. prefer to do rather than do sth.宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
例如：I prefer to read rather than write .意思同 I prefer reading to writing. 又如：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out. 再如：prefer=like better ，即：I prefer red.=I like red better.
14. how/ when/where/whether to do sth怎么、什么时候、在哪里、要不要做某事
15. can’t wait to do 迫不及待做某事 16. too … to do … 太怎么样而不能做某事
17. be afraid /ready/able/sure to do害怕、准备、能够、确定做某事
18. It’s time to do sth到该干某事的时候了 19. My job is to do sth我的工作是做某事
20. My dream is to do sth我的梦想是做某事
21. My hobby is to do sth我的业余爱好是做某事
22. refuse to do sth拒绝做某事 23. warn sb to do sth告诫某人做某事
24. pretend to do sth假装做某事 25. teach/learn to do sth 教做某事、/学习做某事
26. need to do sth需要做某事 27. be willing to do sth愿意做某事
28. .try to do sth努力做某事 29. try one’s best to do sth努力做某事
30. agree to do sth同意做某事 31. seem to do sth 好像似乎做某事
32. plan to do sth /make a plan to do sth计划做某事
33. in order to do sth 为了做某事 34. have a chance to do sth有机会做某事
35. find it +adj + for sb to do sth发现做某事是… 36. have sth to do有某事要做
37. There is sth for sb to do对某人来说，有某事要做
38. be anxious to do渴望做某事 39. afford to do sth 支付得起做某事
40. used to do sth 过去常常做某事 41. be used to do sth被用来做某事
42. be supposed to do sth理应做某事，应该做某事
43. allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事
44. sb be allowed to do sth某人被允许做某事
45. the best way is to do sth最好的方法是做某事
46. the next step is to do sth 下一步是做某事
47. have nothing to do with 与某事无关
48. the first thing is to do sth第一件事是做某事
49. it’s best to do sth最好做某事
50. it’s a good time to do sth这是做某事的最好时间
it is a good way to do sth 做某事是个好的办法
51. add to do补充做某事 52. urge sb to do 催促某人做某事
53. educate sb to do 教育某人做某事 54. wait for sb to do等待某人做某事
55. order sb to do命令某人做某事 56. happen to do sth碰巧做某事
57. lead sb to do sth领导某人做某事
58. it's a good place to do sth这是做某事的好地方
59. invite sb to do邀请某人做某事 60. get to do sth设计做某事
61. expect to do 期望做某事 62. volunteer to do sth志愿做某事
63. offer to do sth 主动提供做某事 64. have an opportunity to do有机会做某事
65. get sb to do sth使某人做某事
66. it’s one’s duty to do sth做...是...的责任 67. use sth to do sth用某物做某事
68. be sure to do sth一定会做某事 69. have to do sth不得不做某事
70. be able / unable to do sth能够 /不能做某事
