黑体代表原文中的斜体。 [ ]里的内容为译者所加。 括号内的人名不翻译;括号外的人名在第一次出现时给出英文。 引用中文时采用直角引号;引用英文时采用弯引号。
Interest(s): 利益。(本文中的“interest ”一词有时似兼有「兴趣」和「利益」两个意思,但中文很难表达这一点。) Justify: 辩护X;X得到辩护;为X辩护;证明X是合理的;为X提供理由 Positive law:实证法;Positivism:实证主义 Side-constraint: 边界约束 Legitimate/legitimacy/legitimation:正当的/正当性/正当化 Autonomy: 自主性 Prima facie:初确地 Jurisdiction:法域
「政府不得以某言论可能劝说人们做政府认为有害的事情为由而压制该言论。」(Strauss,1991:335)
「这种观点的碰撞不是在慷慨激昂的党派人士身上,而是在更冷静、更无私心的旁观者身上产生了有益的影响。」(1859:第 2 章,第 94 页)
「把穷人饿死了……如果只是在报刊上流传,应该不会受到惩罚,但如果是向聚集在玉米经销商家门前的激动暴民们口头传达,则可能会受到惩罚。」(1859:第 3 章,第 100 页)
「在本质上和事先(ex ante)上,一个人对政治事务的思考与对死亡或朋友的思考一样,不多不少都是人类自我的核心。」(Shiffrin,2014:93)[译者注:ex ante 意为事先的,即在发生之前分析可能出现的事件。]
「是该规定背后的动机及其可能产生的效果在干扰被强迫说话者的自主思维过程。」(2014: 94)
「过于自负的(overweening),因为系统的官员通过它们[即这些禁令]控制了本应在没有禁止或预防性强制的情况下(通过系统履行其道德义务而)就能得以化解的[非自由主义言论的]传播。」(2021: 147)[译者注:这句话的意思是,一个国家应该通过履行其敦敦教导的道德义务来培养公民的自由平等主义精神,而这种精神会化解非自由主义信条的传播。相反,如果国家试图通过禁止性的措施来应对非自由主义信条的传播,那么这个做法就是过于自负的。]
(人们可能会同意克莱默的观点,但也可能会提出不同意见。后者会认为国家在未能履行其最初的道德义务的情况下,应该采取措施防止因失职而造成的伤害)。
「联邦制、分权政府和联邦层面的制衡体系的整个结构表明,不信任的主旋律已经深入到我们宪法结构的经纬之中。」他写道:「对言论的保护……应根据这些政治关切来解读」(Epstein,1992:49)。
「『特殊权利』一词一般要求特殊权利与其他权利和活动完全不同,并受到高度保护。」(2017: 90)
(注意,这种用法不应与「特殊权利」的另一种用法相混淆。后者指的是由特定关系产生的有条件权利;见 Hart,1955。)
「在完整的一生中充分发展和行使道德人格的两种力量的基本社会条件。」(Rawls,2005: 293)
「这些言论并不是任何思想阐述的基本组成部分,而且作为通向真理的一步,其社会价值微乎其微,因此,从这些言论中可能获得的任何益处显然都会被秩序和道德方面的社会利益所抵消。」(Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire,1942)
「唯一的平衡是利益的平衡。权利不是平衡的,而是根据利益平衡以及如何才能最好地保护这些利益的经验事实来定义或重新定义的。」(2008: 78)
「这将永远是民主最好的笑话之一:民主为其致命的敌人提供了摧毁民主的手段。」(间引自 Fox & Nolte,1995: 1)
「首先,所采取的措施必须是为实现有关目标而精心设计的。这些措施不得武断、不公平或基于非理性的考虑。简言之,这些措施必须与目标之间是合理地(rationally)关联的。其次,即使在第一个意义上与目标之间是合理地关联的,这些措施也应『尽可能少地』损害相关的权利或自由。[......]第三,在限制《宪章》(Charter)所予权利或自由的措施所产生的效果与被认定为『足够重要』的目标之间必须存在相称性」(R v. Oakes,1986)。
「脸书、推特和 YouTube 等社交媒体平台已成为公共论坛。尽管创建和运营这些平台的公司在道德上压根没有义务维持这些平台的存在,但从道德上讲,控制公共论坛的职责要求每个此类公司在履行这一职责时遵守言论自由原则。对于任何限制,如果它们偏离了该原则所要求的那种中立,那么都是在道德上不正当的。」(Kramer,2021: 58-59)
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