转自:地学科研动态
摘要
The observed temperature record, which combines sea surface temperatures with near-surface air temperatures over land, is crucial for understanding climate variability and change. However, early records of global mean surface temperature are uncertain owing to changes in measurement technology and practice, partial documentation, and incomplete spatial coverage. Here we show that existing estimates of ocean temperatures in the early twentieth century (1900–1930) are too cold, based on independent statistical reconstructions of the global mean surface temperature from either ocean or land data. The ocean-based reconstruction is on average about 0.26 °C colder than the land-based one, despite very high agreement in all other periods. The ocean cold anomaly is unforced, and internal variability in climate models cannot explain the observed land–ocean discrepancy. Several lines of evidence based on attribution, timescale analysis, coastal grid cells and palaeoclimate data support the argument of a substantial cold bias in the observed global sea-surface-temperature record in the early twentieth century. Although estimates of global warming since the mid-nineteenth century are not affected, correcting the ocean cold bias would result in a more modest early-twentieth-century warming trend, a lower estimate of decadal-scale variability inferred from the instrumental record, and better agreement between simulated and observed warming than existing datasets suggest.
观测到的温度记录结合了海洋表面温度温度和陆地近地表气温,对理解气候变率和变化至关重要。然而,由于测量技术和方法的变化、不完整的文档记录以及空间覆盖的不足,早期的全球平均地表温度记录存在不确定性。在此,我们通过基于海洋或陆地数据的独立统计重建表明,20世纪初(1900-1930年)的海洋温度现有估算值偏低。基于海洋的重建结果平均比基于陆地的重建低约0.26°C,尽管在其他时期两者具有很高的一致性。这种海洋冷异常并非外部强迫引起,气候模型中的内部变率也无法解释观测到的陆地与海洋之间的差异。基于归因、时间尺度分析、沿海网格点以及古气候数据的多重证据支持观测全球海表温度记录在20世纪初存在显著冷偏差的论点。尽管自19世纪中期以来的全球变暖估算不受影响,但纠正海洋冷偏将导致20世纪初的变暖趋势更加温和,从仪器记录中推断的十年尺度变率估算降低,以及模拟与观测变暖之间比现有数据集显示出更好的一致性。
正文
图1 根据陆地和海洋记录重建全球平均表面温度(GMST)。
图2 海洋和陆地重建的全球平均表面温度(GMST)的差异。
图3 二十世纪初气温变化的空间模式。
图4 古气候代用数据中二十世纪初的气温变化。
图5 受陆地变暖和古气候重建制约的海洋变暖。
引用方式
Sippel, S., Kent, E. C., Meinshausen, N., Chan, D., Kadow, C., Neukom, R., ... & Knutti, R. (2024). Early-twentieth-century cold bias in ocean surface temperature observations. Nature, 635(8039), 618-624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08230-1
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