黄肖玉1 娄洪祥1 邵东李1 张哲2 蒋博3 肖雅丹1 常影1 郭安达1 赵杰1 徐正华1 王晶1 汪波1 蒯婕1,* 周广生1
1 华中农业大学植物科学技术学院/农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,湖北武汉 430070
2 全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京 100125
3 湖北省油菜办公室,湖北武汉 430070
摘要 Abstract
叶片是油菜干物质累积的重要光合器官,长柄叶、短柄叶和无柄叶对油菜产量及抗倒性均有重要影响。本文以中双11号为材料,研究2种高密度条件下,直播油菜在剪去一半不同类型叶片时,产量及抗倒性的变化,对协调高密度油菜的源库关系、高产和倒伏矛盾,实现密植再高产提供理论依据具有重要意义。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验地概况
1.2 试验设计
3种类型叶片分类标准如下:长柄叶为叶柄明显,叶柄基部无叶翅;短柄叶为叶柄基部两侧有明显叶翅;无柄叶为叶身两侧下方延伸呈耳状,呈现半抱茎或全抱茎(图1-a)。从苗期开始,在田间每个小区连续标记10株,在关键生育时期进行叶片数的调查,直至无新生叶片长出。
1.3 测定项目与方法
1.3.1 产量及产量构成
1.3.2 抗折力与倒伏指数
1.3.3 根系形态
1.4 数据处理
利用Microsoft Excel 2016软件进行数据处理,SPSS 18.0软件统计分析,最小显著法(LSD)检验试验数据的差异显著性水平(P < 0.05),采用OriginPro 2021软件制图。
2 结果与分析
2.1 剪叶对叶片数量的影响
密度增加,主茎长柄叶与无柄叶占主茎总叶片数的比例增加,短柄叶比例下降(表1)。D3密度下,主茎长柄叶、短柄叶和无柄叶分别占主茎总叶数的27.6%、50.6%和21.6%;D5密度下,主茎长柄叶、短柄叶和无柄叶分别占主茎总叶数的30.9%、46.7%和22.5%。剪叶后,相对应叶片比例下降,另外2种叶片比例增加。在2个密度下,LP处理后,主茎长柄叶比例下降至15.2%和17.7%,短柄叶和无柄叶比例增加至59.6%和56.1%、25.3%和26.2%; SP处理后,主茎短柄叶比例下降至29.3%和31.3%,长柄叶和无柄叶比例增加至34.7%和39.9%、36.0%和28.9%;SL处理后,主茎无柄叶比例下降至12.2%和14.1%,长柄叶和短柄叶比例增加至31.2%和33.9%、56.6%和52.1%。
2.2 剪叶对油菜产量的影响
2.2.1 产量及产量构成
密度增加和剪叶处理降低了油菜单株角果数和单株产量(图2和表2)。D3密度下,与对照(CK)相比,剪叶处理显著降低了油菜单株角果数、单株产量,剪去短柄叶(SP)处理下降幅度最大,2021—2022年分别降低了14.86%、20.68%;2022—2023年分别降低了18.09%、18.53%。剪叶处理对每角果粒数、千粒重的影响不显著。D5密度下,与对照(CK)相比,剪叶后,油菜单株角果数、每角果粒数、单株产量显著下降,剪去短柄叶(SP)处理下降幅度最大,2021—2022年分别降低了18.78%、15.63%和28.95%;2022—2023年分别降低了23.52%、31.00%和46.38%。
2.2.2 成株率和实收产量
D3密度下,与对照(CK)相比,剪叶处理显著降低了油菜群体角果数和实收产量(图3和表2)。剪去短柄叶(SP)处理下油菜群体角果数和实收产量下降幅度最大,2021—2022年分别降低了18.18%和11.21%;2022—2023年分别降低了19.34%和16.08%。D5密度下,与对照(CK)相比,剪叶后,油菜群体角果数和实收产量显著下降,而成株率增加。剪去短柄叶(SP)处理下油菜实收产量下降幅度最大,2021—2022年降低了16.11%;2022—2023年降低了27.95%。而群体角果数在2021—2022年剪去无柄叶(SL)处理下,下降幅度最大,2022—2023年在剪去短柄叶(SP)处理下,下降幅度最大。剪去长柄叶(LP)处理下的成株率最大,较CK相比,2021—2022年增加了11.76%,2022—2023年增加了11.09%,剪去短柄叶(SP)处理次之。
2.3 对油菜倒伏的影响
密度增加和剪叶处理下显著降低了油菜茎秆的抗折力(图4和表3)。2年试验结果表明:D3密度下,上部抗折力和下部抗折力均在剪去短柄叶(SP)处理下显著下降。密度增加,油菜倒伏指数略有降低,不同剪叶处理下,倒伏指数增加在D3和D5密度下,剪去短柄叶(SP)处理下显著增加了上部和下部的倒伏指数,抗倒性最弱,较CK相比,D3密度下,SP处理下,上部和下部倒伏指数在2021—2022年分别增加了31.66%、31.43%,在2022—2023年则分别增加了11.90%、7.57%。D5密度下,SP处理下,上部和下部倒伏指数在2021—2022年分别增加了22.63%、27.60%,在2022—2023年则分别增加了24.50%、12.78%。
2.4 根系形态
2.5 油菜单株产量及相关指标间的相关性
3 讨论
4 结论
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