康国章 王永华 郭天财*
河南农业大学/ 国家小麦工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450046
摘要 Abstract
1 小麦淀粉的理化特性
1.1 淀粉链长
1.2 淀粉颗粒
1.3 膨胀特性
1.4 糊化特性
1.5 淀粉理化特性之间的相关性
2 小麦淀粉理化特性与主要面食制品品质之间的关系
2.1 淀粉理化特性与面条和馒头蒸煮品质之间的关系
2.2 淀粉理化特性与面包品质之间的关系
淀粉理化特性对面包品质也产生一定影响[34]。王美芳等[35]选用黄淮麦区大面积推广种植的15个小麦品种和6个高代小麦品系为材料,研究了淀粉糊化参数与面包烘焙品质之间的关系。结果表明,峰值时间、糊化温度、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、稀澥值、最终黏度和回生值与大多数蛋白品质指标之间呈正相关或负相关,但相关性未达到显著水平。进一步研究发现,除糊化温度与面包体积和面包评分呈负相关外,其他淀粉糊化参数与面包体积和面包评分之间也存在着一定程度的正相关,但所有糊化参数与面包体积和面包评分之间相关性均未达到显著水平,表明淀粉糊化特性与面包诸多品质指标的相关性较小。淀粉理化特性对面包品质影响程度结论不尽相同[36]。
3 小麦淀粉合成的分子机制
3.1 淀粉合成的功能基因
已有研究结果表明,在水稻和玉米基因组中分别有28个和32个基因编码了上述7个大类淀粉合成酶的亚基或同工酶[41-42]。本团队在小麦基因组中发现了26个基因编码了上述7个大类小麦淀粉合成功能酶的亚基或同工酶,其中TaAGPS1-b、TaBEIII、TaISA2和TaISA3序列为本团队首次克隆[43-46]。序列比对发现,三大粮食作物之间的淀粉合成功能酶的亚基和同工酶类型有较大差异(表1),这可能与物种间淀粉特性的差异有密切关联。本团队通过qPCR法测定了上述26个淀粉合成功能基因在小麦籽粒灌浆过程中的表达水平,并与籽粒淀粉合成速率进行了相关性分析。由于普通小麦淀粉合成功能酶基因均含有3个及以上拷贝,且小麦基因拷贝间cDNA序列同源性高达95%以上,在进行qPCR测定转录水平时难以对同源3个拷贝进行区分。为此,本团队根据拷贝间的同源序列设计引物,在田间自然条件下,于小麦花后5 d、10 d、15 d、20 d、25 d、30 d和35 d进行籽粒取样,测定编码上述淀粉合成酶的亚基或同工酶的每个基因3个拷贝的总转录水平。结果发现,TaAGPL1、TaAGPS1-a、TaGBSSI、TaSSI、TaSSIIa、TaSSIIIa、TaSSIV、TaBEI、TaBEIIa、TaBEIIb、TaPHOL、TaPUL和TaDPE1共13个基因,在籽粒灌浆前期表达量较低,而在籽粒灌浆中期和后期表达量较高,表达模式与籽粒淀粉合成速率相似,两者之间呈显著正相关,表明它们在籽粒淀粉合成中发挥了重要作用[43]。通过转基因方法进一步验证了TaAGPL1和TaAGPS1-a对小麦籽粒淀粉合成起关键作用[47],并开发了该基因的功能标记,该功能标记可用于小麦淀粉改良的分子标记辅助选择[48]。
3.2 淀粉合成的分子调控
3.2.1 转录水平调控
3.2.2 转录后水平调控
3.2.3 翻译后修饰
4 展望
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* 通信作者: 郭天财, E-mail: gtcxiaomai@163.com
第一作者联系方式: E-mail: guozhangkang@henau.edu.cn
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