【论著】| 低级别阑尾黏液性肿瘤与卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤超声特征的对照研究

文摘   2024-07-25 17:00   上海  

引用本文

丁梦娟,宁 燕,巩 鑫,等. 低级别阑尾黏液性肿瘤与卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤超声特征的对照研究[J]. 肿瘤影像学, 2024, 33 (3): 288-292.


通信作者:孔凡斌 E-mail: 13816521569@163.com


低级别阑尾黏液性肿瘤与卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤超声特征的对照研究

丁梦娟1,宁 燕2,巩 鑫1,孔凡斌1


1.复旦大学妇产科医院超声科,上海 200011 ;

2.复旦大学妇产科医院病理科,上海 200011


[摘要] 目的:探讨低级别阑尾黏液性肿瘤(low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm,LAMN)与卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤(ovarian mucinous cystadenoma,OMC)超声特征的差异,为LAMN与OMC的鉴别诊断提供依据。方法:回顾并分析 2010年8月—2023年7月复旦大学附属妇产科医院经术后病理学检查证实的35例低级别LAMN患者病史资料,与同期经术后病理学检查证实的40例OMC患者病史资料进行对比,分析其超声特征、一般资料及肿瘤标志物水平的差异。结果:LAMN超声特征多表现为“腊肠样”、不完全分隔的囊性或囊实性肿块,囊液多表现为“洋葱皮样”及“胶冻样”改变,可伴发腹膜假黏液瘤(pseudomyxoma peritonei,PMP),年龄多>55岁,血清癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、糖类抗原(carbohydrate antigen,CA)19-9、CA125可升高。OMC超声特征多表现为类圆形、完全分隔的囊性或囊实性肿块,囊液多表现为无回声及细密点状回声,年龄多<50岁,CEA、CA125、CA19-9升高不明显。结论:LAMN与OMC在肿块形状、分隔类型及囊液性状等超声特征方面具有明显差异,这些超声特征有望用于LAMN与OMC的鉴别诊断 。

[关键词] 低级别阑尾黏液性肿瘤;卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤;超声;病理


[Abstract] Objective: To explore the differences in ultrasound features between low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN) and ovarian mucinous cystadenoma (OMC), and to provide the basis for distinguishing LAMN from OMC. Methods: The medical history data of 35 patients with LAMN confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed, as same as, the medical history data of 40 patients with OMC confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed. All these patients had been treated surgically in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from August 2010 to July 2023. The differences in ultrasound features, general data and tumor markers were compared. Results: The ultrasound features of LAMN were mostly “Dachshund-like”, with incompletely separated cysts or cysts mixed with substantial components, and the liquid in the cyst was mostly characteristics of “onion skin-like” or “jelly-like”, which could be accompanied by pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). Most of the patients’ ages were more than 55 years old, and the levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA)19-9 and CA125 were elevated. The ultrasound features of OMC were mostly round, completely separated cysts or cysts mixed with substantial components. Liquid in the cyst was mostly anechoic or anechoic full of fine spots. Most of them were younger than 50 years old, and the levels of CEA, CA125, and CA19-9 were not significantly elevated. Conclusion: There are significant differences between LAMN and OMC in some ultrasound features, such as the shape of neoplasm, the type of septation and the characteristics of cystic fluid, which are expected to be used as markers for distinguishing LAMN from OMC.

[Key words] Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm; Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma; Ultrasound; Pathology 

低级别阑尾黏液性肿瘤(low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm,LAMN)少见,其与卵巢肿瘤,特别是与卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤(ovarian mucinous cystadenoma,OMC)有许多相似的超声征象,鉴别诊断较困难,超声科医师常将LAMN误诊为OMC,而LAMN与OMC的治疗方案不同,术前误诊会导致手术方案的制订出现偏差,不利于患者的治疗[1,6,10,12]。通过分析LAMN与OMC超声征象的差异,可望归纳出用于鉴别LAMN与OMC的超声特征,提高超声科医师对LAMN的认识,减少误诊、漏诊,为临床制订精准的治疗方案提供帮助。


1

资料和方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾并分析2010年8月—2023年7月经复旦大学附属妇产科医院术后病理学检查证实的35例LAMN患者的病史资料,与同期经术后病理学检查证实的40例OMC患者的病史资料进行对照,分析其超声特征、一般资料及肿瘤标志物的差异。纳入标准:① 均在复旦大学妇产科医院接受相关检查与手术治疗,病历资料完整,术后病理学检查明确肿瘤性质;② LAMN患者盆腹腔播散仅累及卵巢表面者;③ OMC患者为卵巢原发性病灶。排除标准:LAMN为原发病灶累及卵巢实质者。

1.2 仪器与方法

采用美国GE公司的Logiq E8、Logiq E10,荷兰Philips公司的iU 22彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率5~9 MHz。患者检查均采用经阴道超声检查方式,观察并记录患者肿块位置、大小、形态、内部回声、血流信号、有无盆腔积液等信息。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS 27.0.1软件进行数据分析。对计量资料进行正态性检验和方差齐性检验,符合正态分布者以x±s表示,采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以n(%)表示,采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。


2

结  果

2.1 临床资料

35例LAMN及40例OMC患者均为女性,起病隐匿,多由体检偶然发现。两者症状重叠,无明显特异性,主要表现为腹痛、腹胀。所有患者均进行血清癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、糖类抗原(carbohydrate antigen,CA)19-9、CA125相关检查,以CEA>5 ng/mL,CA125>35 U/mL,CA19-9>37 U/mL标准为阳性,结果见表1。两组在年龄、CEA阳性及CA125阳性对比上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

2.2 超声图像特点

根据超声表现分为3种类型:① 无回声型,LAMN肿块呈长条状,内透声好,无分隔,彩色血流信号不明显(图1A)。OMC肿块呈类圆形,内透声好,可见分隔,且多为完全分隔,部分分隔呈强回声,彩色血流信号稀少(图1B)。② 弱回声型,LAMN肿块内囊液可呈明暗相间的“洋葱皮样”改变,囊内可见分隔、乳头状突起及强回声区,分隔多为不完全分隔,囊壁及分隔的血流信号不明显(图1C)。OMC肿块内囊液可呈细密点状回声,囊内可见分隔及乳头状突起,分隔多为完全分隔,部分分隔呈强回声,彩色血流信号稀少(图1D)。③ 囊实性占位型,LAMN肿块表现为多房分隔,分隔多为不完全分隔,囊内可见实性成分,囊液透声差,呈“胶冻样”,彩色血流稀少,可见盆腔积液(图1E)。OMC肿块也表现为多房分隔,分隔多为完全分隔,囊内可见实性成分,分隔及实性部分见彩色血流信号(图1F)。

两者超声特征对比见表2,组间肿块形态、分隔、囊液特征差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

图1 LAMN与OMC超声特征对比

A:LAMN超声表现,测量线段所示病灶呈长条状,内透声好,未见分隔;B:OMC肿块呈类圆形,内透声好,箭头所示为完全性分隔;C:横向箭头示LAMN内呈明暗相间的“洋葱皮样”改变,纵向箭头示囊内见乳头状突起;D:箭头所示OMC肿块内囊液见细密点状回声;E:横向箭头示LAMN内见不完全分隔及实性成分,纵向箭头示呈“胶冻样”回声,透声差;F:OMC囊腔呈多房,箭头所示为完全分隔,分隔及实性部分见彩色血流信号。

2.3 术中所见

术中见有14例LAMN患者盆腹腔内大量“胶冻样”渗出物,阑尾表面见破口,内见胶冻状黏液,盆腹腔见肿瘤广泛种植。术中仅见1例OMC患者卵巢表面有黏液渗出。两者对比,P<0.05。

2.4 35例LAMN术前超声诊断结果

5.71%(2/35)患者诊断为输卵管积液,OMC 42.86%(15/35),卵巢其他肿瘤14.29%(5/35),肠道来源肿瘤25.71%(9/35),未明确肿块来源11.43%(4/35)。 


3

讨  论

  LAMN临床少见,与OMC临床症状相似,缺乏特异性,超声特征相近,常被误诊为OMC而到妇科诊治;但LAMN与OMC的治疗方案不同,术前误诊会影响患者治疗。本研究结合相关文献,对LAMN与OMC的超声影像学特征的差异进行了分析,旨在为两者的鉴别诊断提供依据。

  LAMN属于阑尾上皮性肿瘤,发病率为0.7%~1.7%[1],起病隐匿,症状缺乏特异性,当黏蛋白在阑尾腔积聚,管腔压力升高时[2-3],阑尾表面可能破溃,“胶冻样”黏液扩散到腹膜腔,形成腹膜假黏液瘤(pseudomyxoma peritonei,PMP),及时识别和治疗LAMN对于降低PMP风险和改善患者预后至关重要[4]。OMC属于卵巢上皮性肿瘤,占卵巢良性肿瘤的20%,多为单侧[5],临床症状多不典型,OMC破裂也可引起腹腔种植播散,形成PMP。

  文献[6-7]报道,LAMN常常被误诊为OMC。本研究35例LAMN中15例被误诊为OMC,误诊率达42.86%,另有5例(占14.29%)被误诊为卵巢其他肿瘤。结合文献[1,5-7]分析,把LAMN误诊为OMC的原因是多方面的:LAMN和OMC首发症状相似,无明显特异性;LAMN发病率低,对LAMN的超声特征认识不足;对于妇产科专科医院的超声科医师而言,还存在知识面较窄、思路受限等问题。在本研究患者中,LAMN患者多为中老年女性,卵巢萎缩较小,难以显示,判断肿块来源困难;有14例LAMN患者合并PMP形成,盆腹腔充满“胶冻样”黏液,与周边组织包裹粘连、分界不清;阑尾位置超出阴道超声扫查范围,未进行腹部超声检查,原发病灶较小等,也是导致漏诊、误诊的原因。Zhang等[8]认为,由于临床症状缺乏特异性、影像学表现相似,鉴别原发于阑尾和卵巢的黏液性肿瘤极具挑战性。

  如上所述,术前鉴别LAMN和OMC较困难,但因两种疾病治疗方案不同,术前鉴别诊断非常必要。Li等[9]认为,在LAMN早期,通过切除原发部位或对推挤式浸润部位进行局部切除时,预后良好。当病灶累及阑尾周边时,需行右半结肠切除术[10]。对于阑尾来源的PMP患者实行肿瘤细胞减灭术(cytoreductive surgery,CRS)结合腹腔热灌注化疗(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC),可以达到满意的效果[11]。对于OMC患者而言,单侧输卵管卵巢切除术或卵巢膀胱切除术是其有效的治疗方法[12]。LAMN患者常被误诊为OMC而进行妇科手术,有研究[13]表明,接受妇科手术的LAMN患者,在接受CRS/HIPEC治疗期间术中失血量更多,住院时间更长,并发症发生率更高。LAMN与OMC术前鉴别诊断对于治疗方案的选择至关重要,影响患者的预后。

  通过分析超声图像特征,可在术前对LAMN和OMC进行鉴别诊断。LAMN与OMC超声图像具有一定相似性,都表现为囊性或囊实性肿块,都可见分隔、乳头状突起及强回声[14-15],对两者超声特征差异性的研究较少。本研究对LAMN与OMC超声图像进行全面梳理、细致对比研究,结果发现两者超声特征在肿块形态、分隔类型、囊液特征方面差异显著,LAMN肿块形态多表现为腊肠样,不完全分隔,囊液多表现为“洋葱皮样”及“胶冻样”改变,与相关研究[16]一致;OMC肿块形态多表现为类圆形,完全分隔,囊液多表现为无回声及细密点状回声(表2),与相关报道[17]部分相似。Kameda等[18]的研究显示造成“洋葱皮样”改变的原因是黏蛋白含量的分层,该特征对于诊断LAMN的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为63%、100%和99%。

  另外,本研究还发现,LAMN患者年龄(55.61±11.77)岁,而OMC患者年龄为(47.31±14.40)岁,两者比较差异有统计学意义。Van Hooser等[3]的研究发现,LAMN多见于女性患者,年龄主要分布在50~60岁范围;Beroukhim等[19]报道的OMC通常发生在20~40岁的患者人群。Zhang等[8]的研究发现,大多数LAMN患者中肿瘤标志物升高,可能与腹膜播散相关。此外,肿瘤标志物升高程度与PMP患者的预后相关[20]。CA125是鉴别良性、交界性和恶性黏液性卵巢肿瘤的最佳预测因子,其次是CA19-9和CEA[21]。 

  综上所述,LAMN和OMC在肿块形态、分隔类型、囊液性状等超声特征方面差异有统计学意义,两者在发病年龄,CEA和CA125阳性率方面也差异明显。这些差异可能有助于对LAMN与OMC进行鉴别诊断,为制订精准治疗方案提供帮助,对此尚需扩大样本量进一步研究。


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