在非零和博弈中，1+1=3的魔力有4个基本根源。这4个根源长期以来在传统经济学理论中都非常有名。In non-zero sum games, the magic of 1+1=3 has four fundamental roots. These four roots have long been well-known in traditional economic theory.第一个是分工。亚当·斯密在两个多世纪以前就指出了分工的好处。如果两个人的技能略有不同，那么每个人都可以通过专注于自己最擅长的事情，并进行交易来获得共同利益。如果拉里是一个杰出的猎人，而哈利是一个优秀的斧头制造者，那么拉里最好去参加围猎，而不是徒劳地敲打石头，哈利也最好去制作斧头。The first one is division of labor. Adam Smith pointed out the benefits of division of labor more than two centuries ago. If two people have slightly different skills, then each can gain common benefits by focusing on what they are best at and engaging in transactions. If Larry is an outstanding hunter and Harry is an excellent axe maker, then Larry would be better off participating in hunting instead of hitting stones in vain, and Harry would also be better off making axes.第二个是人的异质性。人们的不同需求和品位创造了互惠贸易的机会。查尔斯·达尔文在乘坐贝格尔号航行时，在与火地岛印第安人交流的过程中观察到了这种贸易的好处：“双方都感到惊讶，目瞪口呆地看着对方。我们同情他们，因为他们用鱼和螃蟹交换破布；他们则在嘲笑用如此绚丽的装饰品交换一顿晚餐的愚蠢人类。”The second is human heterogeneity. People's different needs and tastes create opportunities for reciprocal trade. Charles Darwin observed the benefits of this trade while communicating with the Native Americans of Tierra del Fuego while sailing on the Beagle: "Both sides were surprised and stared at each other in astonishment. We sympathized with them because they exchanged fish and crabs for rags; they mocked the foolish humans who exchanged such splendid decorations for a dinner第三个是扩大回报规模的好处。例如，一个猎人可能会在几个小时的狩猎中投入500千卡的能量，并有20%的机会杀死一只有2500千卡热量的动物。因此，他的预期回报等于500千卡，刚刚够本。如果他和另外两个人组成了一个狩猎队。三人仍然每人投入500千卡，但他们捕获一只动物的概率上升到了90%。因此，预期值变成了每人750千卡（2500×90%÷3）。仅仅是加入这个团队，猎人就额外获得了250千卡的“利润”，并且大大降低了自身的风险。The third benefit is expanding the scale of returns. For example, a hunter may invest 500 kilocalories of energy during several hours of hunting and have a 20% chance of killing an animal with 2500 kilocalories. Therefore, his expected return is equal to 500 kcal, just enough to cover the cost. If he forms a hunting team with two other people. The three of them still invested 500 kilocalories each, but their probability of capturing an animal increased to 90%. Therefore, the expected value has become 750 kilocalories per person (2500 × 90% ÷ 3). Just by joining this team, the hunter gained an additional 250 kilocalories in "profit" and greatly reduced their own risk.第四个是合作有助于削减不确定性。如果一支狩猎队有一天打猎很成功，另一支不成功，成功的队伍可以把猎物和失败的队伍分享，前提是当情况逆转时，另一支队伍也会这么做。因此，合作是降低风险的一个好方法。如果你只能靠自己并且运气不好，你就会挨饿。但是如果你在一个合作的团队里，你的同伴就可以帮助你渡过难关，直到你有能力偿还他们。The fourth is that cooperation helps to reduce uncertainty. If one hunting team is successful in hunting one day and another team is unsuccessful, the successful team can share their prey with the failed team, provided that when the situation reverses, the other team will do the same. Therefore, cooperation is a good way to reduce risks. If you can only rely on yourself and have bad luck, you will go hungry. But if you are in a collaborative team, your peers can help you overcome difficulties until you have the ability to repay them.这4个非零和收益的根源可以在不同背景下相互组合，从而创造出无数种促使人们为了共同利益而合作的方法。These four sources of non-zero sum returns can be combined in different contexts to create countless ways for people to collaborate for the common good.写在后面：本文节选自《财富的起源》。Write later: This article is excerpted from "The Origin of Wealth" .
