可再生能源发电：描述、类型和目标

WHAT ARE RENEWABLE ENERGIES?

可再生能源是指从几乎无穷无尽的资源中获取的能源，这些资源无需人类干预即可自然再生。它们不应与 "绿色"、低影响的可再生能源；"可持续能源"（不一定是可再生能源，但从长远来看是可行的）；或 "替代 "能源（用于描述高成本的新兴能源）相混淆。

Renewable energies are those obtained from virtually endless sources that regenerate naturally without the need for human intervention. They should not be confused with ‘green’, low impact renewables; ‘sustainable energies’, that are not necessarily renewables but  which are feasible in the long term; or ‘alternative’ energies, a title used to describe high-cost emerging energies.

TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

根据欧盟可再生能源指令，可再生能源包括：

According to the EU renewable energy directive, renewable energies are:

太阳能

Solar energy

太阳能有多种类型。最直接的用途是利用太阳能集热器[4,2]为家庭或水路供暖。最常用的系统是太阳能电池板 [1,7-20]，它能将太阳光转化为能量。最后是大型太阳能热电站（如下图），它使用定日镜或反射镜来捕捉能量 [1,6-1,9]。

There are various types of solar energy. The most direct use is to heat households or water circuits thanks to a solar collector [4,2]. Although the most popular systems are solar panels [1,7 – 20], which transform sunlight into energy. Lastly, are the large solar thermal power plants (below), which use heliostats or mirrors to capture energy [1,6 – 1,9].

硬括号中显示的是能源投入回报率（ERoEI）。因此，建造和维护太阳能电池板每消耗 1 焦耳，就能获得 1.7 至 20 焦耳的有用能量。

The energy returned on energy invested (ERoEI) appears in hard brackets. Therefore, for each joule used to build and maintain a solar panel, between 1.7 and 20 joules of useful energy are obtained.

自 2023 年 1 月 1 日起，柏林强制要求正在翻新的建筑至少在 30% 的屋顶面积上安装太阳能光伏系统。此外，太阳能光伏系统也可以安装在建筑物的外立面上。

Since January 1, 2023, it has been mandatory for buildings in Berlin undergoing renovation to install solar PV systems on at least 30% of their roof area. Alternatively, the solar PV system can be installed on the building’s facade.

风能

Wind energy

风能利用位于陆地和海上（近海）的气动发电机 [5 - 80]，其功能相当于一个倒置的发动机。它们随风转动，将风能转化为电能。

Wind energy uses aerogenerators [5 – 80], located both on land and out at sea (offshore), which function as an inverted engine. As they turn with the wind, they transform the wind’s energy into electricity.

在美国密苏里州的小城洛克港，附近的四台风力涡轮机每年可发电 1,600 万千瓦时。据估计，该市居民每年的能源需求约为 1300 万千瓦时。

In the small city of Rock Port in Missouri, USA, four nearby wind turbines produce 16 million kilowatt-hours annually. This quantity more than covers the energy needs of its residents, which are estimated to be around 13 million kilowatt-hours per year.

水力发电

Hydropower

水力发电 [11,2 - 250] 使用涡轮机来利用水流的力量。ERoEI 可能非常高，但对水电大坝所在的周边地区和当地社区的影响使其成为一个特别有争议的选择。

Hydropower [11,2 – 250] uses a turbine to harness the force of moving water. The ERoEI may be extremely high, but the impact on the surrounding area and local communities in which the hydropower dams are located, make it a particularly controversial option.

在巴西，该国丰富的水电资源使巴西 47 个城市能够利用可再生能源满足其 70% 的能源需求。

In Brazil, the country’s vast hydroelectric resources enable 47 Brazilian cities to meet 70% of their energy demand with renewable sources.

地热能源

Geothermal energy

地热能 [1,9 - 13] 利用地球内部的热量。它可用于加热水路或产生蒸汽发电。

Geothermal energy [1,9 – 13] uses the heat within the Earth. It can be used to heat a water circuit or to generate steam to make electricity.

雷克雅未克的地理位置使其受益于大量的地热活动，为 90% 以上的居民提供供暖，并满足了他们的大部分电力需求。

Due to its geographical location, Reykjavik benefits from significant geothermal activity, which provides heating for over 90% of its residents and meets a substantial portion of their electricity needs.

潮汐能源

Wave energy

波浪能（正在分析中）利用海洋的波浪频率，通过发电机产生能量。它与鲜为人知并受到研究的蓝色能源有关，蓝色能源基于淡水与海水交汇区域的渗透压。

Wave energy (being analyzed) uses the wave frequencies of the sea to generate energy with an electric generator. It is linked with the lesser-known and investigated blue energy, which is based on the osmotic pressure in areas in which freshwater meets seawater.

生物能量和生物燃料能源

Biomass and biofuel energy

这种可再生能源的使用备受争议。它的成本极高（但价格不高），会向大气中释放碳，并以不可持续的方式提高基本食品价格。此外，ERoEI 很少超过一个单位。

The use of this renewable energy is highly controversial. Its cost is extremely high (but not its price), it releases carbon into the atmosphere and it increases basic food prices in an unsustainable manner. Furthermore, the ERoEI rarely exceeds one unit.

在斯德哥尔摩，该市 90% 的城市供热系统由生物质能提供动力，这些生物质能来自当地的森林剩余物和经森林管理委员会认证的木材废料。

In Stockholm, 90% of the city’s urban heating system is powered by biomass derived from locally sourced forest residues and wood waste certified by the Forest Stewardship Council.

HOW TO INVEST IN RENEWABLE ENERGIES?

投资可再生能源的最直接方式是安装太阳能电池板或直接投资风力发电场。如果无法做到这一点，也可以从转售公司购买 100% 的可再生能源。

The most direct way of investing in renewable energies is by installing solar panels or directly investing in wind farms. If this is not possible, 100% renewable energy can always be purchased from reseller companies.

与化石燃料不同的是，可再生能源会随着使用量的减少而减少，而化石燃料由于短缺，价格不断上涨，其能源效率指数（ERoEI）却不断下降，因为开采这些有限且污染严重的资源越来越难（1940 年，汽油的能源效率指数为 100，如今为 8）。

Unlike fossil fuels, the price of which continues to increase given the shortage and its ERoEI continues to drop because it is increasingly hard to extract these limited and polluting resources (in 1940 the ERoEI of petrol was 100, today it is 8), sources of renewable energy decrease with use.

换句话说，在城市附近安装太阳能和风能的家庭、城市和政府越多，这些城市的复原力就越强，能源价格就越低廉。

In other words, the more families, cities and governments that install solar and wind energy near to cities, the more resilient these will be and the more affordable their energy will be.

值得注意的是，2000 年，风力发电在美国实现了平价上网（2010 年在欧洲，2019 年在中国），这意味着从这些日期开始，用航空发电机发电比燃烧燃料更经济实惠。太阳能发电在 2014 年实现平价上网。很久以前，它们就不再是 "替代品 "了。

It should be noted that in 2000, wind power reached grid parity in the US (2010 in Europe, 2019 in China), which means that from those dates, it has been more affordable to generate energy with aerogenerators than by burning fuel. The solar power grid parity was reached in 2014. They stopped being ‘alternatives’ a long time ago.

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