巴黎奥运会与城市热岛效应

WHAT ARE URBAN HEAT ISLANDS?

城市热岛（UHIs）是指由于人类活动和城市发展对地貌的改变，气温明显高于周边农村地区的大都市地区。城市热岛是城市化的直接结果，因为当森林和草地等自然土地覆盖被密集的人行道、建筑物和其他吸热和保温表面所取代时，就会出现城市热岛。

Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) are metropolitan areas that experience significantly higher temperatures than their rural surroundings due to human activity and the modified landscape of urban development. Urban Heat Islands are a direct result of urbanisation as they occur when natural land cover, such as forests and grasslands, is replaced by dense concentrations of pavement, buildings, and other surfaces that absorb and retain heat.

造成城市热岛的因素

Factors contributing to Urban Heat Islands

不幸的是，城市的各种特征也共同造成了不健康的温度和污染。在缺乏自然空间、建筑物过多、高耗能电器和车辆聚集的现代城市中，很难避免城市热岛效应。造成城市热岛的一些常见因素包括：

Unfortunately, the characteristics that come together to make a city are also the ones that come together to create unhealthy temperatures and pollution. Between a lack of natural spaces, an excess of buildings, and an agglomeration of energy-consuming appliances and vehicles; it is hard to avoid the Urban Heat Island Effect in our modern cities. Some common factors that create Urban Heat Islands include:

植被减少：树木和植物可以提供树荫，促进蒸发和蒸腾，从而为环境降温。城市地区往往缺乏足够的绿地，导致气温升高。

Reduced vegetation: Trees and plants help cool the environment by providing shade and enable evaporation and transpiration. Urban areas often lack sufficient green spaces, leading to increased temperatures.

表面材料：人行道和街道铺面（如沥青和混凝土）以及建筑材料通常比自然景观吸收、保留和散发更多的热量。

Surface materials: Sidewalk and street paving such as asphalt and concrete as well as building materials, often absorb, retain and emit more heat than natural landscapes.

废热：城市生活所需的供暖、制冷和交通能耗会排放出更多热量，导致城市地区整体变暖。

Waste heat: Energy consumption for the heating, cooling and transportation that enables life in cities emits additional heat, contributing to the overall warming of urban areas.

设计问题：高楼林立的城市建筑会阻隔热量，减少空气流动。

Design issues: The architecture of cities, with closely packed tall buildings, can trap heat and reduce air flow.

 STRATEGIES TO REDUCE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECTS

通过改变城市基础设施和交通政策，受城市热岛效应影响的地区可以对气温上升产生积极的长期影响，例如：

By implementing changes to both urban infrastructure and mobility policy, areas that experience Urban Heat Island effects can have positive long-term impacts on these rising temperatures, such as:

增加绿化面积：增加公园、城市绿化、垂直花园和屋顶花园，可以通过提供遮荫和加强具有降温效果的蒸散作用来降低地表温度。

Increasing green areas: Adding more parks, urban greenery, vertical and rooftop gardens can reduce surface temperatures by providing shade and enhancing evapotranspiration which has a cooling effect.

照亮建筑物和街道：用反光性更强的油漆或涂料覆盖暗色的沥青、屋顶和建筑物，可以减少这些城市景观大片吸收的热量。

Brightening buildings and streets: Covering dark asphalt, rooftops and buildings with more reflective paints or coatings can reduce the heat absorbed by these large swaths of urban landscape.

引入水景：将喷泉、池塘和其他水体融入城市区域，可以通过蒸发降低温度。

Introducing water features: Integrating fountains, ponds and other bodies of water into urban areas can provide cooler temperatures through evaporation.

创造风走廊：通过规划增加建筑物之间的空气流动，可以引导气流，减少热量和污染滞留在地面上。

Creating wind corridors: By planning for greater air flow between buildings, air currents can be directed to reduce heat and pollution getting trapped at ground level.

扩大公共交通：投资并改善公共交通系统可以减少道路上的单个车辆数量，降低总体热排放量并改善空气质量。

Expanding public transportation: Investing in and improving public transit systems can reduce the number of individual vehicles on the road, lowering overall heat emissions and improving air quality.

鼓励积极出行：为步行和骑自行车创造积极的条件，如安全、广泛、舒适且不完全暴露在阳光下的步行和自行车网络，可以减少对机动车的依赖（但需要注意的是，为了健康和安全，不建议在热浪期间步行和骑自行车）。

Encouraging active mobility: Creating positive conditions for walking and cycling, such as safe, extensive and comfortable pedestrian and bicycle networks that are not fully exposed to the sun, can decrease reliance on motor vehicles (though important to note that walking and cycling during heatwaves is not recommended for health and safety).

推广电动汽车：推广使用电动汽车可以减少汽车需要时内燃机产生的热量，因为电动汽车产生的废热更少，排放更少。

Promoting electric vehicles: Promoting the use of EVs can cut down on the heat generated from internal combustion engines when cars are needed, as EVs produce less waste heat and fewer emissions.

FRANCE’S ANSWER TO RISING TEMPERATURES

2003 年的欧洲热浪仅在法国就夺去了 15000 人的生命，自那以后，法国在热量缓解和管理方面取得了长足进步，尤其是在巴黎作为城市热岛的问题上。安妮-伊达尔戈市长的《2018 年气候行动计划》特别强调了一系列广泛的战略，以减轻气候影响，促进积极变化，实现短期和长期气候成果。

Since the 2003 European heatwave that claimed 15,000 lives in France alone; the country has been making strides in heat mitigation and management, especially regarding Paris’ status as an Urban Heat Island. In particular, Mayor Anne Hidalgo’s 2018 Climate Action Plan emphasized a wide range of strategies to mitigate climate impacts and promote positive changes for both short-term and long-term climate outcomes.

 虽然法国在避免高温致死方面取得了进展--一项研究表明，2015-2019 年期间，法国南部与西班牙北部和意大利的同类地区相比，更不容易因高温致死--但奥运会全球观众的到来表明，仅仅减少死亡人数是不够的。

While France has made progress in terms of avoiding fatalities due to heat – one study showed that southern France was less vulnerable to heat-related deaths next to comparable locations in northern Spain and Italy from 2015-2019 – the arrival of the Olympics’ global audience shows that reducing fatalities is not enough.

巴黎奥运村的设计比以往任何时候都更加可持续，是设计和建筑的试验室。奥运村采用了已知的减轻城市热岛效应的技术，三分之一的建筑将建有屋顶花园（另外三分之一将安装太阳能电池板），通往塞纳河的长廊被留作风洞，尽可能地将河里的新鲜空气输送到内陆。此外，还在该区域种植了 200 棵树组成的小型森林，为人行道遮阳并降低地面温度。

The Parisian Olympic Village, designed to be more sustainable than ever, is acting as a test laboratory for design and architecture. Employing techniques known to mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect, a third of the buildings built for the Village will have rooftop gardens (another third will have solar panels) and long corridors leading to the Seine have been left to act as wind tunnels, carrying the river’s fresh air as far inland as possible. Additionally, a mini forest of 200 trees have been planted in the area, to shade walkways and bring ground temperatures down.

最有争议的是，这些建筑没有配备传统的空调设备。取而代之的是地热系统，该系统利用地板上的管道从地下 70 米深处引入冷水，使室内温度比室外降低 6-10 摄氏度。尽管这种地热冷却解决方案具有可持续发展的优势，但据报道，许多国家还是为运动员采购了空调设备，理由是热量管理对恢复和成绩起着至关重要的作用。这一矛盾凸显了在应对气候变化带来的直接影响的同时，实施积极的长期解决方案的复杂性。

Most controversially, the buildings are not equipped with traditional air conditioning. Instead, they are cooled through a geothermal system that uses pipes in the floor to bring cold water from depths of up to 70 meters underground, reducing indoor temperatures by 6-10 degrees Celsius compared to the outside. Despite the sustainability benefits of this geothermal cooling solution, numerous countries reportedly procured air conditioning units for their athletes, citing the critical role of heat management in recovery and performance. This paradox underscores the complexity of implementing positive long-term solutions while addressing the immediate effects posed by climate change.