本节的内容是结果的写法,接下来关于这本书的推送还剩下讨论、摘要与cover letter的写法,将通过两次推送完成。(J人行为🈶️)
01#
Chapter 8
What did you observe?
这部分要总结、讨论图表提供的信息,同时对图表的指向需要很明确;图表的说明需要让读者不必看正文也明白图表含义;这部分需要解释研究结果是如何回答开头提出的问题的。
结果应当按照逻辑顺序写,当Figure出现在句首时,一般不用Fig.缩写。
对于理工科的论文,应当遵守以下几点:
1.开头重新提到本文的研究目的
2.提供结果的大纲,阐释论文的核心结果
3.提供和其他研究的对比
4.说明结果的问题、缺陷或者缺乏验证之处
5.说明结果的启示和未来的应用
图表对于写作结果部分是非常重要的,与其相关有一些需要注意的:
1.只使用自己提供原始数据的图
2.图例要可以独立表达图的含义,并在图的下方
3.大量不重复且很重要的数据应该被精炼地用表展示
4.可以用一句话说明的信息不要用表(我导也是这么说的hh)
5.表头要简洁,图表名要用有句号的完整句子(这点我疑惑了很久,这一点和中文可能不太一样)
关于统计信息:
1.使用文中提到的方法进行统计检验和统计量描述
2.写出准确的p值而不是p<.50
3.只在描述统计显著的时候使用significant(这点很重要,减少误解)
动词的时态:
【过去时】
展示发现时
e.g.: Subjects in this study spent more time…
【现在时】
与其他研究作比较时
e.g.: Our results demonstrate improved performance over previously proposed methods.
指代图表时
e.g.: Figure 3 displays the chemical reaction scheme used to synthesize the copolymer.
对结果进行评论时
e.g.: Managerial accountants seem to be generally averse to outsourcing.
讨论结果的内涵时
e.g.: Reactive impurities of 1ppm could contribute to the measured decay rates of the hydroxide concentration.
对结果的表述:
【positive】
Strong evidence of X was found when…
There was a significant positive correlation between…
Further analysis showed that…
【negative】
No increase of X was associated with…
【过渡句】
Turning now to the experimental evidence on…
【Highlight】
The most striking result…
代词使用的问题:
1.代词指代不明
e.g.: A case study approach was chosen; this allowed a closer observation of a single specimen.
不确定this指的是’case study’还是approach,应改为
A case study approach was chosen to allow a closer observation of a single specimen.
2.减少出现gender bias
尽量单独使用避免使用he she his her…(可以使用he or she)
e.g.: When a politician campaigns for office, he must spend considerable money to compete with his opponents.
改为:
When politicians campaign for office, they must spend considerable funds to compete with their opponents.
02#
Chapter 9
How can you describe quantities?
描述定量信息的写作方法:
1.强调图表中的数据信息
e.g.: It’s apparent from Table 2 that very few…
2.描述图中最大/最小值
e.g.: Floodwaters reached a peak of 5.2 meters.
常用句型:
1.描述比例和份额
e.g.: The birth rate dropped from 44.4 to 38.6 per 1000 per annum.
2.描述分数
e.g.: Of the 148 patients who completed the questionnaire, slightly over half indicated that…
3. 描述百分比
e.g.: Precisely 13.3% of men and 23.1% of women who had married said that they…
4. 描述平均数
e.g.: Figure 2 can be viewed as the average life expectancy at various ages.
5. 描述范围
e.g.: The evidence shows that life expectancy from birth lies in the range of 20-30 years.
常见语法问题之一:冗余
常见的冗余包括:重复、不必要的词、没有意义的术语、矛盾的话
冗余产生的主要来源包括:
1.wordy set phrases
e.g.: in view of the fact that可改为because
2.obvious qualifiers
e.g.: advance planning, complete finish, young boy
3. scattershot phrasing
e.g.: thoughts and ideas
4. hidden verbs
e.g.: take into consideration改为consider
如何根据关键词搜索需要的文献:
大部分内容大家都知道,使用OR, AND等或者使用搜索引擎自带的高级搜索,有一条我之前没用过:使用*或者?包含不同ending的词,比如想要搜索alternate energy相关的论文,可以用alternate* energy,包含alternate energy和alternative energy关键词的论文都会包含进来。另外就是尝试同义词搜索。
内容来源:《如何成为学术论文写作高手》
整理翻译:cxy
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